Functional magnetic resonance imaging study of group independent components underpinning item responses to paranoid-depressive scale

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics for the groups, mean ± SD

Variable	Depressive (n = 33)	SCZ (n = 27)	Significance corrected
Sex (М/F)	9/24	14/13	0.3571
Education (primary/secondary/higher)	2/15/15	1/19/7	1
Age	43.8 ± 11.837	39.58 ± 13.950	1
Age at onset	32.48 ± 11.775	26.96 ± 9.313	1
Illness duration (mo)	125.612 ± 89.914	151.54 ± 110.431	1
Current episode duration (wk)	20.193 ± 35.929	13.417 ± 14.788	1
Total intracranial volume, TIV	1.3854 ± 0.1209	1.4146 ± 0.1145	1
Total MADRS score	29.78 ± 5.785
Total PANSS G score		24.74 ± 9.86
Total PANSS P score		17.79 ± 7.16

¹Bonferroni-corrected Pearson Chi-Square. MADRS: Montgomery Asberg depression rating scale; PANSS: Positive and negative sympstoms scale; SCZ: Schizophrenia; TIV: Total intracranial volume.

Table 2 Significant components that were found between schizophrenia and depressive groups for depression condition

Component	P value	T value
Component 11	0.004249717	2.976318
Component 14	0.008079258	2.7432945
Component 22	0.0059576669	2.8551928
Component 36	0.021446516	2.3640435

Table 3 Detailed description of the Talairach tables corresponding to the significant components that were found between schizophrenia and depressive groups for depression condition

Component	Area	Brodmann area	Volume (cc)	MNI coordinates	Loading
	Left inferior parietal lobule	40	1.7	(-42, -52, 58)	-
	Left inferior frontal gyrus	44, 45, 46	2.4	(-56, 22, 16)	-
	Left middle frontal gyrus	8, 10, 46	2.4	(-40, 22, 50)	-
	Paracentral lobule	5, 6	1.2	(4, -42, 60)	-
11
	Right superior frontal gyrus	6, 8	8.1	(4, 0, 72)	+
	Left middle frontal gyrus	6	3.7	(-22, 10, 68)	+
	Right medial frontal gyrus	6	2.4	(6, -18, 72)	+
	Left precentral gyrus	4, 6	2.1	(-28, -16, 72)	+
	Left sub-gyral	21	2.2	(-42, 4, -20)	-
	Right superior temporal gyrus	22, 38, 41, 42	2.4	(40, 10, -24)	-
	Left clmen		1.2	(-2, -46, -12)	-
	Left middle frontal gyrus	6, 8, 9	2.2	(-28, 32, 50)	-
	Left middle Ttemporal gyrus	21	1.1	(-50, 4, -20)	-
	Left inferior frontal gyrus	9, 44, 45, 46	1.5	(-50, 12, 14)	-
14
	Right inferior frontal gyrus	13, 45, 47	10.4	(46, 18, -8)	+
	Right superior temporal gyrus	21, 22, 38	6.3	(50, 18, -8)	+
	Right insula	13, 22	4.9	(40, 14, -4)	+
	Right precuneus	7, 19, 31, 39	2.9	(38, -78, 38)	-
	Left parahippocampal gyrus	19, 30, 36, 37	1.5	(-20, -50, -10)	-
22
	Right cuneus	17, 18, 19, 23, 30	9.2	(14, -94, -2)	+
	Right lingual gyrus	17, 18, 19	7.4	(10, -92, -2)	+
	Right middle occipital gyrus	18, 19	8.1	(24, -94, 2)	+
	Right sub-gyral		2.7	(22, -94, -6)	+
	Right cuneus	17, 18, 19	3.6	(2, -92, 8)	-
	Right middle occipital gyrus	18, 19	2.2	(12, -92, 14)	-
36
	Left lingual gyrus	18, 19, 30	10.8	(-4, -70, -4)	+
	Left Culmen		5.9	(-6, -66, -8)	+
	Left fusiform gyrus	19, 37	1.5	(-20, -70, -12)	+
	Left parahippocampal gyrus	19, 30, 36, 37	3.3	(-18, -54, -8)	+
	Left cuneus	18, 23, 30	1.5	(-4, -68, 4)	+
	Left sub-gyral	37	7.2	(-28, -70, -8)	+

MNI: Montreal neurological institute.

Table 4 Significant components that were found between schizophrenia and depressive groups for paranoid specific condition

Component	P value	T value
Component 11	0.0032496235	-3.0704975
Component 14	0.025153517	-2.2985475
Component 23	0.008092356	-2.7426922
Component 38	0.034015527	-2.1712631

Table 5 Detailed description of the Talairach tables corresponding to the significant components that were found between schizophrenia and depressive groups for paranoid specific condition

Component	Area	Brodmann area	Volume (cc)		MNI coordinates	Loading
	Left sub-gyral	21	2.2		(-42, 4, -20)	-
	Right superior temporal gyrus	22, 38, 41, 42	2.4		(40, 10, -24)	-
	Left culmen		1.2		(-2, -46, -12)	-
	Left middle frontal gyrus	6, 8, 9	2.2		(-28, 32, 50)	-
	Left middle temporal gyrus	21	1.1		(-50, 4, -20)	-
	Left inferior frontal gyrus	9, 44, 45, 46	1.5		(-50, 12, 14)	-
14
	Right inferior frontal gyrus	13, 45, 47	10.4		(46, 18, -8)	+
	Right superior temporal gyrus	21, 22, 38	6.3		(50, 18, -8)	+
	Right Iinsula	13, 22	4.9		(40, 14, -4)	+
	Left inferior parietal lobule	40		1.7	(-42, -52, 58)	-
	Left inferior frontal gyrus	44, 45, 46		2.1	(-56, 22, 16)	-
	Left middle frontal gyrus	8, 10, 46		2.4	(-40, 22, 50)	-
	Paracentral lobule	5, 6		1.2	(4, -42, 60)	-
11
	Left inferior parietal lobule	40		1.7	(-42, -52, 58)	+
	Left inferior frontal gyrus	44, 45, 46		2.4	(-56, 22, 16)	+
	Left middle frontal gyrus	8, 10, 46		2.4	(-40, 22, 50)	+
	Right paracentral lobule	5, 6		1.2	(4, -42, 60)	+
	Right superior frontal gyrus	6, 8		8.1	(4, 0, 72)	+
	Left middle frontal gyrus	6		3.7	(-22, 10, 68)	+
	Right medial frontal gyrus	6		2.4	(6, -18, 72)	+
	Left precentral gyrus	4, 6		2.1	(-28, -16, 72)	+
	Left middle frontal gyrus	8, 9, 10, 11, 47		4.3	(-36, 26, 42)	-
	Left superior frontal gyrus	6, 8, 9, 10		4.9	(-14, 26, 62)	-
23
	Right inferior frontal gyrus	9, 13, 44, 45, 46		12.1	(54, 18, 28)	+
	Right middle frontal gyrus	6, 8, 9, 10, 46		14.1	(52, 16, 32)	+
	Right sub-gyral			6.7	(46, 16, 24)	+
	Right precentral gyrus	3, 6, 9, 13, 43, 44		13.8	(48, 22, 38)	+
	Right postcentral gyrus	1, 2, 3, 43		6.1	(60, -8, 22)	+
	Right insula	13		3.3	(46, 8, 12)	+
	Right superior frontal gyrus	6, 8		6.0	(16, 28, 62)	-
	Right middle frontal gyrus	6, 8, 10, 11, 47		1.5	(24, 24, 60)	-
	Left inferior frontal gyrus	13, 44, 45, 46, 47		1.1	(-50, 38, -8)	-
38
	Left middle frontal gyrus	6, 8, 9, 10, 46		18.4	(-50, 10, 44)	+
	Left precentral gyrus	4, 6, 9		8.6	(-46, 20, 38)	+
	Left inferior frontal gyrus	6, 9, 45, 46, 47		4.4	(-52, 8, 36)	+
	Left postcentral gyrus	1, 2, 3, 4, 40		1.9	(-56, -12, 48)	+
	Left superior frontal gyrus	6, 8, 9, 10		4.3	(-40, 16, 54)	+
	Left medial frontal gyrus	6, 8, 9, 32		2.9	(-2, 16, 48)	+

MNI: Montreal neurological institute.

Table 6 Significant components that were found between schizophrenia and depressive groups for diagnostically neutral condition

Component	P value	T value
Component 12	0.013277254	2.5546326
Component 14	0.004986471	-2.9193653
Component 23	0.047710834	-2.0228125

Table 7 Detailed description of the Talairach tables corresponding to the significant components that were found between schizophrenia and depressive groups for paranoia specific condition

Component	Area	Brodmann area	Volume (cc)	MNI coordinates	Loading
Component 12
	Left superior temporal gyrus	13, 21, 22, 38, 41, 42	6.1	(-64, -16, 6)	-
	Right medial frontal gyrus	6, 8, 32	1.5	(4, 14, 48)	-
	Right precuneus	7	3.8	(30, -54, 50)	-
	Right middle frontal gyrus	6	2.6	(34, 0, 58)
	Left angular gyrus	39	2	(-50, -66, 32)	+
	Left middle temporal gyrus	19, 21, 37, 39	7.6	(-50, -66, 28)	+
	Left supramarginal gyrus	40	3.5	(-50, -62, 32)	+
	Left inferior parietal lobule	7, 39, 40	4.4	(-44, -70, 38)	+
	Left superior temporal gyrus	22, 39	2.8	(-50, -62, 28)	+
	Left precuneus	7, 19, 31, 39	6.7	(-42, -74, 36)	+
	Left superior parietal lobule	7	2	(-36, -74, 44)	+
	Left middle frontal gyrus	6, 8, 9, 10, 11	8.4	(-44, 16, 50)	+
Component 14
	Left sub-gyral	21	2.2	(-42, 4, -20)	-
	Right superior temporal gyrus	22, 38, 41, 42	2.4	(40, 10, -24)	-
	Left culmen		1.2	(-2, -46, -12)	-
	Left middle frontal gyrus	6, 8, 9	2.2	(-28, 32, 50)	-
	Left middle temporal gyrus	21	1.1	(-50, 4, -20)	-
	Left inferior frontal gyrus	9, 44, 45, 46	1.5	(-50, 12, 14)	-
	Right inferior frontal gyrus	13, 45, 47	10.4	(46, 18, -8)	+
	Right superior temporal gyrus	21, 22, 38	6.3	(50, 18, -8)	+
	Right insula	13, 22	4.9	(40, 14, -4)	+
Component 23
	Left middle frontal gyrus	8, 9, 10, 11, 47	4.3	(-36, 26, 42)	-
	Left superior frontal gyrus	6, 8, 9, 10	4.9	(-14, 26, 62)	-
	Right inferior frontal gyrus	9, 13, 44, 45, 46	12.1	(54, 18, 28)	+
	Right middle frontal gyrus	6, 8, 9, 10, 46	14.1	(52, 16, 32)	+
	Right sub-gyral		6.7	(46, 16, 24)	+
	Right precentral gyrus	3, 6, 9, 13, 43, 44	13.8	(48, 22, 38)	+
	Right postcentral gyrus	1, 2, 3, 43	6.1	(60, -8, 22)	+
	Right insula	13	3.3	(46, 8, 12)	+

MNI: Montreal neurological institute.

Table 8 Circuits preferentially processing paranoid and depressive scale [regions activated (“þ”)/deactivated (“−”) by the condition]

Brain region	Brodmann areas	Activated (+) deactivated (-)
Common circuit for all conditions
Right inferior frontal gyrus	13, 45, 47	+
Right superior temporal gyrus	21, 22, 38	+
Right insula	13, 22	+
Left inferior parietal lobule	40	-
Left inferior frontal gyrus	44, 45, 46	-
Left middle frontal gyrus	8, 10, 46	-
Paracentral lobule	5, 6	-
Shared circuit, between conditions DS and DP
Left inferior parietal lobule	40
Right paracentral lobule	5, 6
Right medial frontal gyrus	6
Left middle frontal gyrus	8, 9, 10, 11, 47
Left superior frontal gyrus	6, 8, 9, 10
Shared between DP and DN
Right sub-gyral	1	+
Distinct (appear in one component), condition DS
Right cuneus	17, 18, 19, 23, 30	+
Right lingual gyrus	17, 18, 19	+
Right middle occipital gyrus	18, 19	+
Right cuneus	17, 18, 19
Right middle occipital gyrus	18, 19
Left lingual gyrus	18, 19, 30	+
Left culmen		+
Left fusiform gyrus	19, 37	+
Left parahippocampal gyrus	19, 30, 36, 37	+
Left cuneus	18, 23, 30	+
Left sub-gyral	37	+
Distinct (appear in one component), condition DP
Left postcentral gyrus	1, 2, 3, 4, 40	+
Left superior frontal gyrus	6, 8, 9, 10	+
Left medial frontal gyrus	6, 8, 9, 32	+

¹Subcortical area.

Distinct neutral items (DN)-no distinct circuit, specific for DN is reported, which supports the assumption, that the items from that scale are diagnostically neutral. DP: Diagnostic paranoid; DS: Depression specific; DN: Neutral items.