Case-control analysis of venous thromboembolism risk in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis diagnosed by transient elastography

Table 1 Patient characteristics

Variables	Thromboembolism	Total (N)	mean ± SD	Median	IQR	P value1
Age	No	335	55.22 ± 14.377	58.00	20	0.014a
	Yes	51	60.63 ± 11.421	61.00	17
BMI	No	335	29.30 ± 5.950	28	8	0.041a
	Yes	51	31.14 ± 6.340	31	10

¹χ² test.

^aP < 0.05.

IQR: Interquartile range; BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 Patient characteristics and percent of patients with thromboembolism

Variables		Thromboembolism		Total	P value1
		No	Yes
Gender	Male	194	33	227	0.358
		57.9%	64.7%	58.8%
NASH	Yes	102	23	125	0.037
		30.4%	45.1%	32.4%
Smoking	No	228	26	254
		68.1%	51.0%	65.8%
	Yes	76	17	93
		22.7%	33.3%	24.1%
	Former	31	8	39
		9.3%	15.7%	10.1%
Alcohol consumption	Yes	55	6	61	0.396
		16.4%	11.8%	15.8%
Ethnicity	Caucasian	268	39	307	NA
		80.0%	76.5%	79.5%
	Hispanic	39	10	49
		11.6%	19.6%	12.7%
	Asian	11	1	12
		3.3%	2.0%	3.1%
	African American	15	1	16
		4.5%	2.0%	4.1%
	Others	2	0	2
		0.6%	0.0%	0.5%
Diabetic status	Non DM	281	32	313	0.002a
		83.9%	62.7%	81.1%
	Type 1 DM	10	4	14
		3.0%	7.8%	3.6%
	Type 2 DM	44	15	59
		13.1%	29.4%	15.3%
HIV status	Reactive	9	1	10	0.761
		2.7%	2.0%	2.6%
CAP (steatosis) grade	S0	145	14	159	0.031a
		43.3%	27.5%	41.2%
	S1	32	3	35
		9.6%	5.9%	9.1%
	S2	34	4	38
		10.1%	7.8%	9.8%
	S3	124	30	154
		37.0%	58.8%	39.9%
KPA (fibrosis) grade	F0	87	6	93	0.03a
		26.0%	11.8%	24.1%
	F0-F1	116	14	130
		34.6%	27.5%	33.7%
	F1	3	1	4
		0.9%	2.0%	1.0%
	F2	32	2	34
		9.6%	3.9%	8.8%
	F3	25	7	32
		7.5%	13.7%	8.3%
	F4	72	21	93
		21.5%	41.2%	24.1%

¹χ² test.

^aP < 0.05.

NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; CAP: Controlled attenuation parameter; KPA: Kilopascal; DM: Diabetes millitus; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; NA: Not available.

Table 3 Primary outcome: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and associated factors

Variable	Venous thromboembolism	Venous thromboembolism	P value
	Yes	No
NASH	45.1%	30.4%	0.037a
CAP (steatosis) grade
S0	27.5%	43.3%	0.031a
S1	5.9%	9.6%
S2	7.8%	10.1%
S3	58.8%	37.0%
KPA (fibrosis) grade
F0	11.8%	26%	0.030a
F1	29.5%	35.5%
F2	3.9%	9.6%
F3	13.7%	7.5%
F4	41.2%	21.5%
Diabetes mellitus			0.002a
Type I	7.8%	3%
Type II	29.4%	13.1%

^aP < 0.05.

NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; CAP: Controlled attenuation parameter; KPA: Kilopascal.

Table 4 Distribution of type of thrombosis in study population

Type of thromboembolism	Number	Percentage
Deep vein thrombosis	30	58.8%
Superficial venous thrombosis	9	17.6%
Pulmonary embolism	7	13.7%
Portal vein	3	5.9%
Stroke (embolic)	2	3.9%
Total	51	100.0%

Table 5 Distribution of thromboembolism in study population by location

Location	Frequency	Percentage
Lower limb	29	56.9%
Upper limb	10	19.6%
Upper lobe	3	5.9%
Middle lobe	2	3.9%
Lower lobe	2	3.9%
Others	5	9.8%
Total	51	100.0%

Table 6 Distribution of choice of anticoagulation in study population

Type of anticoagulant used	Frequency	Percentage
Direct oral anticoagulants	33	64.7%
Vitamin K antagonists	13	25.5%
Enoxaparin sodium	3	5.9%
Antiplatelet	2	3.9%
Total	51	100.0%