Reference values of gait parameters in healthy Chinese university students: A cross-sectional observational study

Table 1 Participant inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion	Exclusion
18-35 yr old, BMI: 18.5-23.9 kg/m²	Acute lower limb injury in the past 6 mo
Participation in team sport a minimum of three times a week	Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases
FAAM ≥ 98	History of neurological disease
Lysholm knee score ≥ 95	Pregnant and lactating women
Harris hip score ≥ 95	Balance or motion disorders

BMI: Body mass index; FAAM: Foot and Ankle Ability Measure.

Table 2 Participants demographic data

Characteristics	Female	Male	Total
Age (yr), mean (SD)	24.50 (2.18)	24.81 (2.19)	24.63 (2.19)
Gender (n, %)	101 (59.06%)	70 (40.93%)
Height (m), mean (SD)	1.62 (0.0)	1.75 (0.05)	1.68 (0.08)
Weight (kg), mean (SD)	52.14 (5.10)	67.90 (7.93)	58.59 (10.06)
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)	19.72 (1.89)	21.87 (1.86)	20.64 (2.16)
FAAM, mean (SD)	100 (0.00)	100 (0.00)	100 (0.00)
Lysholm knee score, mean (SD)	100 (0.00)	100 (0.00)	100 (0.00)
Harris hip score, mean (SD)	100 (0.00)	100 (0.00)	100 (0.00)

BMI: Body mass index; FAAM: Foot and Ankle Ability Measure.

Table 3 Spatiotemporal parameters

Variables	Mean (SD)		P value
	Male	Female
Cadence (steps/min)	113.35 (11.05)	118 (7.63)	< 0.05
Height-adjusted cadence	1503.74 (151)	1539.60 (80)	< 0.05
Speed (m/s)	1.24 (0.17)	1.22 (0.11)	0.35
Height-adjusted gait speed (cm/s)	0.70 (0.09)	0.76 (0.06)	< 0.05
Step length (m)	0.66 (0.09)	0.62 (0.05)	< 0.05
Height-adjusted step length (cm)	0.37 (0.05)	0.38 (0.02)	0.60
Stride length (m)	1.31 (0.13)	1.24 (0.29)	< 0.05
Height-adjusted stride length (cm)	0.75 (0.07)	0.76 (0.05)	0.30
Stride width (m)	0.11 (0.03)	0.10 (0.03)	0.07
Height-adjusted stride width (cm)	0.06 (0.01)	0.06 (0.01)	0.42
Cycle time (sec)	1.07 (0.09)	1.01 (0.07)	< 0.05
Double limb support time (sec)	0.23 (0.04)	0.21 (0.03)	< 0.05
Stance time (%GC)	0.65 (0.06)	0.61 (0.05)	< 0.05
Swing time (%GC)	0.42 (0.04)	0.40 (0.03)	< 0.05
Statures-per second	0.71 (0.10)	0.77 (0.08)	< 0.05
Stride time (sec)	1.08 (0.08)	1.02 (0.08)	< 0.05
Stride-per minute	55.94 (4.65)	59.72 (3.40)	< 0.05

GC: Gait cycle.