Evaluation of childhood developing via optical coherence tomography-angiography in Qamdo, Tibet, China: A prospective cross-sectional, school-based study

Table 1 Optical coherence tomography angiography measurements of health students in Qamdo divided into habitat distribution which include mean foveal thickness, foveal avascular zone area, and vascular plexus density

	Karuo (n = 28)	Dengqen (n = 38)	Markam (n = 48)	Chagyab (n = 48)	P value
AL, mm	22.71 ± 0.51	22.94 ± 0.75	22.92 ± 0.78	23.02 ± 0.58	0.0346
Foveal thickness, μm	243.00 ± 21.00	233.42 ± 22.31	235.24 ± 15.23	228.18 ± 17.62	0.0075
FAZ, mm2	0.26 ± 0.12	0.32 ± 0.10	0.26 ± 0.10	0.32 ± 0.11	0.0211
FVD, mm-1	20.40 ± 2.05	20.78 ± 1.78	20.24 ± 1.58	20.72 ± 1.45	0.2626
IVD, mm-1	21.55 ± 2.16	22.17 ± 1.56	21.34 ± 1.70	21.66 ± 1.70	0.6049
CVD, mm-1	10.07 ± 3.42	10.59 ± 3.69	10.99 ± 3.75	9.34 ± 3.01	0.1211
cFoveal thickness, μm	226.31 ± 20.40	217.49 ± 18.10	221.81 ± 19.81	218.46 ± 22.06	0.0075
cFAZ, mm2	0.26 ± 0.11	0.28 ± 0.09	0.24 ± 0.09	0.29 ± 0.10	0.1811
cFVD, mm-1	18.33 ± 2.18	19.48 ± 1.70	18.89 ± 1.75	19.30 ± 1.57	0.0532
cIVD, mm-1	19.49 ± 2.34	20.69 ± 1.86	21.34 ± 1.70	21.66 ± 1.70	0.0379
cCVD, mm-1	9.26 ± 2.85	10.12 ± 3.36	10.13 ± 3.13	9.53 ± 3.23	0.5612

AL: Axial length; FVD: Full vascular plexus density; CVD: Central vascular plexus density; IVD: Inner vascular plexus density; FAZ: Foveal avascular zone; MFT: Mean foveal thickness.

Table 2 Clinical characteristics of the study samples and optical coherence tomography measurements of retinal and subfoveal choroidal thickness according to sex

	ALL (n = 347)	Girls (n = 182)	Boys (n = 165)	P value
Age, yr	10.62 ± 2.82 (range 5-18)	10.70 ± 2.84	10.53 ± 2.80	0.0781
Vision	4.78 ± 0.30	4.74 ± 0.33	4.83 ± 0.26	0.1043
AL, mm	23.31 ± 1.01	23.53 ± 0.89	23.10 ± 1.08	< 0.0001
SE, diopters	-0.88 ± 1.40	-0.96 ± 1.60	-0.79 ± 1.14	0.4601
Mean foveal thickness	239.81 ± 19.13	238.44 ± 20.13	241.33 ± 17.91	0.0097
FAZ, mm2	0.29 ± 0.13	0.30 ± 0.12	0.28 ± 0.14	0.0119
FVD, mm-1	20.38 ± 1.88	20.31 ± 1.85	20.45 ± 1.92	0.0210
IVD, mm-1	21.65 ± 1.92	22.50 ± 12.26	21.72 ± 1.91	0.0610
CVD, mm-1	10.43 ± 3.79	10.38 ± 4.04	10.49 ± 3.53	0.7800
cMean foveal thickness	227.64 ± 23.51	227.30 ± 21.87	228.73 ± 24.97	0.0863
cFAZ, mm2	0.27 ± 0.12	0.27 ± 0.10	0.28 ± 0.13	0.0029
cFVD, mm-1	19.35 ± 209	19.38 ± 2.09	19.32 ± 2.12	0.7931
cIVD, mm-1	21.00 ± 8.29	21.49 ± 11.93	20.58 ± 2.15	0.3343
cCVD, mm-1	9.93 ± 3.70	10.28 ± 3.88	9.49 ± 3.39	0.0513

AL: Axial length; FVD: Full vascular plexus density; CVD: Central vascular plexus density; IVD: Inner vascular plexus density; AL: Axial length; FAZ: Foveal avascular zone.

Table 3 Clinical characteristics of the study samples and optical coherence tomography measurements of retinal and subfoveal choroidal thickness according to ages

	5 (n = 2)	6 (n = 20)	7 (n = 40)	8 (n = 33)	9 (n = 35)	10 (n = 39)	11 (n = 36)	12 (n = 38)	13 (n = 43)	14 (n = 36)	15 (n = 15)	≥ 16 (n = 10)	P value
F:M	0.001389	0.464583	0.888194	0.760417	0.761806	0.846528	0.639583	0.927778	0.93125	0.7625	0.461111	0.252778
Vision	4.90 ± 0.07	4.90 ± 0.19	4.90 ± 0.05	4.90 ± 0.08	4.89 ± 0.18	4.78 ± 0.29	4.72 ± 0.29	4.66 ± 0.34	4.73 ± 0.36	4.59 ± 0.36	4.60 ± 0.32	4.67 ± 0.37	< 0.0001
AL, mm	22.34 ± 0.77	22.54 ± 0.66	22.64 ± 0.67	23.02 ± 0.82	22.97 ± 0.75	23.11 ± 1.06	23.73 ± 0.77	23.70 ± 1.04	23.54 ± 0.99	23.98 ± 1.06	24.08 ± 0.76	24.59 ± 1.63	< 0.0001
MFT, μm	212.00 ± 2.83	216.18 ± 13.22	232.08 ± 15.00	235.77 ± 15.24	242.47 ± 15.36	248.04 ± 14.05	242.94 ± 14.59	236.35 ± 17.29	242.75 ± 20.62	249.40 ± 26.93	243.62 ± 16.51	233.67 ± 10.50	0.00097
FAZ, mm2	0.64 ± 0.90	0.34 ± 0.13	0.30 ± 0.11	0.31 ± 0.13	0.30 ± 0.11	0.25 ± 0.10	0.28 ± 0.120	0.32 ± 0.12	0.26 ± 0.13	0.30 ± 0.08	0.32 ± 0.09	0.31 ± 0.17	0.008
FVD, mm-1	15.80 ± 0.9	19.90 ± 1.57	20.51 ± 1.39	20.45 ± 2.19	20.62 ± 0.90	21.02 ± 1.63	20.40 ± 1.66	20.68 ± 1.50	20.27 ± 2.23	20.65 ± 1.55	20.62 ± 1.58	21.83 ± 1.18	0.04549
IVD, mm-1	17.20 ± 1.27	21.35 ± 1.68	21.91 ± 1.30	21.84 ± 2.18	21.91 ± 0.99	22.22 ± 1.61	21.70 ± 1.69	22.18 ± 1.44	21.65 ± 2.22	22.00 ± 1.56	22.00 ± 1.51	23.23 ± 0.76	< 0.0001
CVD, mm-1	5.30 ± 0.99	8.58 ± 2.78	9.67 ± 3.04	9.44 ± 3.33	10.36 ± 2.61	11.68 ± 3.01	10.22 ± 2.68	8.95 ± 2.70	9.52 ± 3.51	10.05 ± 2.73	9.61 ± 3.10	10.83 ± 4.31	< 0.0001
cMFT, μm	215.700 ± 3.456	216.14 ± 23.13	217.53 ± 22.41	217.45 ± 39.31	231.87 ± 22.93	233.82 ± 20.25	233.96 ± 18.59	236.02 ± 25.43	235.73 ± 26.33	219.88 ± 25.95	224.18 ± 30.12	223.87 ± 31.33	0.0012
cFAZ, mm2	0.46 ± 0.23	0.32 ± 0.08	0.24 ± 0.13	0.25 ± 0.08	0.24 ± 0.11	0.26 ± 0.11	0.30 ± 0.10	0.31 ± 0.11	0.26 ± 0.09	0.28 ± 0.09	0.39 ± 0.35	0.20 ± 0.11	0.0026
cFVD, mm-1	17.62 ± 0.87	18.79 ± 1.47	18.78 ± 2.59	18.89 ± 1.97	19.45 ± 2.16	19.49 ± 2.14	19.83 ± 1.73	19.93 ± 2.12	19.74 ± 2.08	19.12 ± 1.89	18.93 ± 2.57	18.81 ± 2.72	0.01862
cIVD, mm-1	19.26 ± 0.45	20.05 ± 1.46	19.92 ± 2.67	20.02 ± 3.96	20.57 ± 2.15	20.70 ± 2.21	21.11 ± 1.84	21.22 ± 2.06	21.02 ± 2.11	20.32 ± 2.05	20.16 ± 2.42	20.17 ± 2.63	0.01886
cCVD, mm-1	5.08 ± 3.23	8.87 ± 3.18	9.95 ± 3.93	10.32 ± 3.51	10.77 ± 4.13	10.07 ± 3.73	9.90 ± 3.26	9.95 ± 4.88	9.71 ± 2.74	9.53 ± 3.15	9.25 ± 4.00	8.33 ± 4.17	0.02676

FVD: Full vascular plexus density; CVD: Central vascular plexus density; IVD: Inner vascular plexus density; AL: Axial length; FAZ: Foveal avascular zone; MFT: Mean foveal thickness.

Table 4 Quantitative analysis and the linear regression analyses in optical coherence tomography angiography scans according to age after correction

	Equation	F	P value
AL	Y = 0.1522 × X + 21.61	79.59	< 0.0001	Significant
CVD	Y = 0.1907 × X + 7.851	7.974	0.005	Significant
IVD	Y = 0.2350 × X + 17.91	37.71	< 0.0001	Significant
FVD	Y = 0.2137 × X + 16.96	0.08468	< 0.0001	Significant
FAZ	Y = 0.0003520 × X + 0.2710	0.02086	0.8853	Not significant
MFT	Y = 3.549 × X + 188.0	79.81	< 0.0001	Significant

AL: Axial length; FVD: Full vascular plexus density; CVD: Central vascular plexus density; IVD: Inner vascular plexus density; FAZ: Foveal avascular zone; MFT: Mean foveal thickness.

Table 5 Clinical characteristics of the study samples and optical coherence tomography measurements of retinal and subfoveal choroidal thickness according to different area

	Karuo (n = 83)	Dengqen (n = 69)	Markam (n = 67)	Chagyab (n = 76)	P value
Vision	4.64 ± 0.33	4.80 ± 0.26	4.88 ± 0.25	4.84 ± 0.28	< 0.0001
AL, mm	23.59 ± 1.10	23.22 ± 0.93	23.15 ± 1.01	23.22 ± 0.93	0.007
Mean Foveal Thickness, μm	248.93 ± 13.53	236.35 ± 21.37	239.24 ± 15.46	236.11 ± 20.23	< 0.0001
FAZ, mm2	0.30 ± 0.16	0.29 ± 0.11	0.27 ± 0.10	0.29 ± 0.11	0.604
FVD, mm-1	20.40 ± 2.05	20.78 ± 1.79	20.25 ± 1.59	20.72 ± 1.45	0.21
IVD, mm-1	21.77 ± 2.07	22.16 ± 1.73	21.54 ± 1.58	22.06 ± 1.40	0.091
CVD, mm-1	9.65 ± 3.08	10.00 ± 3.44	10.07 ± 2.69	10.17 ± 2.99	0.1211
cMean Foveal Thickness, μm	244.50 ± 16.60	221.9 ± 23.22	222.4 ± 21.90	222.7 ± 23.62	< 0.0001
cFAZ, mm2	0.30 ± 0.11	0.27 ± 0.10	0.25 ± 0.10	0.28 ± 0.15	0.0022
cFVD, mm-1	20.01 ± 1.98	19.47 ± 1.84	18.66 ± 2.23	19.28 ± 2.14	0.0006
cIVD, mm-1	21.20 ± 2.07	20.73 ± 1.88	21.74 ± 1.69	20.51 ± 2.13	< 0.0001
cCVD, mm-1	10.66 ± 4.37	9.66 ± 3.42	9.58 ± 3.25	9.686 ± 3.41	0.0256
Myopia rate, %	77.1	49.4	27.5	41.8	< 0.0001

AL: Axial length; FVD: Full vascular plexus density; CVD: Central vascular plexus density; IVD: Inner vascular plexus density; FAZ: Foveal avascular zone; MFT: Mean foveal thickness.

Table 6 Reported superficial and deep foveal avascular zone areas calculated from optical coherence tomography angiography images, mean ± SD, mm²

Ref.	Region	Number of samples	FAZ, mm2	P value
Ghassemi et al[46], 2021	Tehran Iran	168 eyes from 54 subjects	0.44 ± 0.78	< 0.001
Hsu et al[39], 2019	North Carolina	135 eyes from 89 subjects	0.35 ± 0.17	< 0.001
Enrico Borrelli et al[52], 2019	California	77 eyes from 52 subjects	0.261 ± 0.149	0.0536
Kiziltoprak et al[43], 2020	Turkey	92 eyes	0.28 ± 0.11	0.0278
İçel et al[41], 2020	Turkey	146 eyes	0.30 ± 0.09	< 0.001
Zhang et al[26], 2017	China	80 eyes	0.290 ± 0.109	0.029
Zhang et al[50], 2020	China	71 eyes	0.29 ± 0.10	0.0041
Pérez-García et al[48], 2021	Spain	34 eyes	0.25 ± 0.11	0.1183
Plaitano et al[45], 2022	Italy	206 eyes from 111 subjects	0.27 ± 0.106	0.0007
Fujiwara et al[42], 2017	Japanese	26 eyes	0.33 ± 0.11	0.1533
Gómez-Ulla et al[38], 2019	Spain	20 eyes from 10 men	0.298 ± 0.108	0.1637
Yilmaz et al[1], 2017	Istanbul	45 eyes of 30 subjects	0.280 ± 0.097	0.0822
This report	Qamdo, China	347 eyes	0.27 ± 0.12	0.0029

FAZ: Foveal avascular zone.