Diagnostic value of preoperative examination for evaluating margin status in breast cancer

Table 1 Patient basic information

Imaging/pathological features	Training group		Validation group
	M+ group (n = 40)	M- group (n = 186)	M+ group (n = 17)	M- group (n = 80)
Age	56.15 ± 13.54	59.01 ± 10.38	65.87 ± 9 .31	55.98 ± 10.63
Group, n (%)
BCS	19 (47.5)	185 (99.5)	8 (47.1)	78 (97.5)
Non-BCS	21 (52.5)	1 (0.5)	9 (52.9)	2 (2.5)
Molecular subtypes, n (%)
Luminal A	9 (22.5)	64 (34.4)	1 (6.7)	31 (38.8)
Luminal B_ Her2(-)	16 (40.0)	70 (37.6)	8 (47.1)	33 (41.3)
Luminal B_ Her2(+)	5 (12.5)	29 (15.6)	5 (29.4)	9 (11.3)
HER2_ enriched	6 (15.0)	6 (3.2)	2 (11.8)	4 (5.0)
TNBC	4 (10.0)	17 (9.1)	0 (0.0)	3 (3.8)
Tumor size	2.5 (1.1-6.0)	2.08 (0.50-5.40)	2.27 (1.3-5.0)	1.95 (0.80-6.70)

All cases were randomly divided into a training group (226 cases, 69.97%) and a validation group (97 cases, 30.03%). Patients with positive margins in each group belonged to the M+ group, while those with negative margins belonged to the M- group. BCS: Breast-conserving surgery.

Table 2 Comparison of clinical and pathological characteristics among different patients

Imaging/pathological features	Training group				Validation group
	M+group (n = 40)	M- group (n = 186)	Statistical value	P value	M+ group (n = 17)	M- group (n = 80)	Statistical value	P value
Age	56.154 ± 13.537	59.008 ± 10.378	0.063	0.200	65.87 ± 9.31	55.98 ± 10.63	0.08	0.20
Group
BCS	19 (47.5)	185 (99.5)	χ2 = 66.874	< 0.001	8 (47.1)	78 (97.5)	χ2 = 29.32	< 0.001
Non-BCS	21 (52.5)	1 (0.5)			9 (52.9)	2 (2.5)
MRI
Lesion type
Mass	15 (37.5)	87 (46.8)	χ2 = 42.153	< 0.001	8 (47.1)	54 (67.5)	χ2 = 12.782	< 0.001
NME	1 (2.5)	11 (5.9)	χ2 = 19.263	< 0.001	0 (0)	1 (12.5)	χ2 = 1.191	0.275
Mass + NME	8 (20.0)	38 (20.4)	χ2 = 14.719	< 0.001	3 (17.6)	6 (75.0)	χ2 = 3.525	0.060
Mass + Mass	16 (40.0)	50 (26.9)	χ2 = 8.847	0.003	6 (35.3)	14 (17.5)	χ2 = 1.794	0.180
MIP_TRA
Linear	10 (25.0)	76 (40.9)	χ2 = 0.816	0.366	1 (5.9)	26 (32.5)	χ2 = 1.575	0.209
Multiple punctate	18 (45.0)	4 (2.2)	χ2 = 34.67	< 0.001	8 (47.0)	4 (5.0)	χ2 = 1.166	0.280
Symmetric	5 (12.5)	27 (14.5)	χ2 = 0.687	0.407	3 (5.9)	8 (10.0)	χ2 < 0.001	1.000
None	7 (17.5)	79 (42.5)	χ2 = 2.986	0.084	5 (29.4)	42 (52.5)	χ2 < 0.001	1.000
Enhancement
Heterogeneous	29 (72.5)	146 (78.5)	χ2 = 0.039	0.843	16 (86.7)	59 (73.8)	χ2 = 0.554	0.457
Homogeneous	8 (20.0)	29 (15.6)	χ2 = 0.075	0.784	1 (6.7)	17 (21.3)	χ2 = 0.760	0.383
Rim enhancement	3 (7.5)	11 (5.9)	χ2 = 0.005	0.942	0 (6.7)	4 (5.0)	χ2 < 0.001	1.000
Tumor size	2.5 (1.1, 6.0)	2.08 (0.50, 5.40)	0.099	0.001	2.27 (1.3, 5.0)	1.95 (0.80, 6.70)	χ2 = 0.751	< 0.001
Time_Intensity_Curve
Type I	3 (7.5)	29 (15.6)	χ2 = 1.619	0.203	2 (11.8)	20 (25.0)	χ2 < 0.001	1.000
Type II	7 (17.5)	61 (32.8)	χ2 = 0.078	0.780	8 (47.1)	25 (31.3)	χ2 = 0.133	0.715
Type III	30 (75.0)	96 (51.6)	χ2 = 20.197	< 0.001	7 (41.2)	35 (43.8)	χ2 = 0.512	0.474
Margin
Clear	3 (7.5)	21 (11.29)	χ2 < 0.001	1.000	2 (11.8)	10 (12.5)	χ2 = 0.025	0.875
Unclear	8 (20.0)	28 (15.05)	χ2 = 0.028	0.868	5 (29.4)	16 (20.0)	χ2 = 0.088	0.767
Spiculated	29 (72.5)	137 (73.66)	χ2 = 0.089	0.766	10 (58.8)	54 (67.5)	χ2 < 0.001	1.000
Shape
Irregular	30 (75)	111 (59.7)	χ2 = 0.294	0.588	14 (82.4)	53 (66.3)	χ2 = 7.335	0.007
Roundish	5 (12.5)	59 (31.7)	χ2 = 0.545	0.460	3 (17.6)	19 (23.8)	χ2 = 5.058	0.025
Multiple nodules	5 (12.5)	16 (8.6)	χ2 < 0.001	1.000	0 (0.0)	8 (10.0)	χ2 = 0.301	0.583
MT
Tumor shape
High_Density_Nodule	1 (2.5)	9 (4.8)	χ2 < 0.001	1.000	0 (0.0)	8 (10.0)	χ2 < 0.001	1.000
Regular mass	21 (52.5)	113 (60.8)	χ2 = 3.436	0.064	13 (76.5)	46 (57.5)	χ2 = 9.529	0.002
Irregular mass	3 (7.5)	35 (18.8)	χ2 = 0.056	0.813	4 (23.5)	13 (16.3)	χ2 = 11.054	0.001
Undetected	15 (37.5)	29 (15.6)	χ2 = 5.565	0.018	2 (11.8)	13 (16.3)	χ2 = 235	0.628
Margin
Clear	6 (15.0)	24 (12.9)	χ2 = 1.108	0.292	3 (17.6)	13 (16.3)	χ2 = 0.590	0.442
Unclear	10 (25.0)	83 (44.6)	χ2 < 0.001	0.993	7 (41.2)	37 (46.3)	χ2 < 0.001	1.000
Spiculated	9 (22.5)	62 (33.3)	χ2 = 0.436	0.509	5 (29.4)	24 (30.0)	χ2 < 0.001	1.000
Undetected	15 (37.5)	17 (9.14)	χ2 = 5.565	0.018	2 (11.8)	6 (7.50)	χ2 = 0.235	0.628
US
Margin
Clear	18 (45.0)	55 (29.6)	χ2 = 0.604	0.437	3 (17.6)	19 (23.8)	χ2 = 0.117	0.733
Unclear	10 (25.0)	72 (38.7)	χ2 = 1.084	0.298	9 (52.9)	40 (50.0)	χ2 = 0.001	0.977
Spiculated	9 (22.5)	59 (31.7)	χ2 = 0.096	0.756	5 (29.4)	21 (26.3)	χ2 = 0.009	0.926
Multifocality
Multifocality	10 (25.0)	29 (9.0)	χ2 = 0.383	0.536	4 (23.5)	10 (12.5)	χ2 < 0.001	1.000
Univocality	30 (75.0)	157 (91.0)			13 (76.5)	70 (87.5)
ER
Positive	31 (77.5)	163 (87.6)	χ2 = 4.866	0.027	15 (88.2)	71 (88.8)	χ2 = 0.301	0.583
Negative	9 (22.5)	23 (12.4)			2 (11.8)	9 (11.3)
PR
Positive	30 (73.1)	145 (78.0)	χ2 = 0.864	0.353	14 (82.4)	67 (83.8)	χ2 = 0.295	0.587
Negative	10 (26.9)	41 (22.0)			3 (17.6)	13 (16.3)
Molecular subtypes
Luminal A	9 (22.5)	64 (34.4)	χ2 = 0.545	0.460	1 (6.7)	31 (38.8)	χ2 = 0.643	0.423
LuminalB_Her2(-)	16 (40.0)	70 (37.6)	χ2 = 0.152	0.696	8 (47.1)	33 (41.3)	χ2 = 2.363	0.124
LuminalB_Her2(+)	5 (12.5)	29 (15.6)	χ2 = 0.410	0.522	5 (29.4)	9 (11.3)	χ2 < 0.001	1.000
HER2_enriched	6 (15.0)	6 (3.2)	χ2 = 9.549	0.002	2 (11.8)	4 (5.0)	χ2 < 0.001	1.000
TNBC	4 (10.0)	17 (9.1)	χ2 = 0.008	0.928	0 (0.0)	3 (3.8)	χ2 = 0.089	0.766

BCS: Breast-conserving surgery; MIP: Maximal intensity projection; NME: Non-mass enhancement; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; US: Ultrasound; MT: Molybdenum target examination; ER: Estrogen receptor; PR: Progesterone receptor.