Multimodal integrated intervention for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Table 1 Patient characteristics (mean ± SD)

		Medication group (n = 49)	Multimodal integrated intervention group (n = 49)	t value	P value
Age (yr)	Range	6-14	6-14	-	-
	mean	9.21 ± 1.69	9.08 ± 1.88	0.360	0.720
Sex	Male	36	38	-	-
	Female	13	11	-	-
Duration of disease (mo)	Range	11-37	11-38	-	-
	mean	23.68 ± 1.84	24.01 ± 1.59	0.950	0.344
Wechsler intelligence score (points)	Range	≥ 85	≥ 85	-	-
	mean	92.11 ± 2.74	92.23 ± 2.69	0.219	0.827
ADHD subtype	Dispersion	27	31	-	-
	Mixed	22	18	-	-
Place of residence	Local	37	39	-	-
	Non-local	12	10	-	-

ADHD: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Table 2 Clinical efficacy, n (%)

Group	n	Clinical control	Markedly effective	Effective	Ineffective	Total efficacy
Medication	49	19 (38.78)	10 (20.41)	8 (16.33)	12 (24.50)	37 (75.51)
Multimodal integrated intervention	49	26 (53.06)	13 (26.53)	6 (12.24)	4 (8.17)	45 (91.84)
χ2 value	-	-	-	-	-	7.127
P value	-	-	-	-	-	0.008

Table 3 Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire and Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale scores (mean ± SD)

		Medication group (n = 49)	Multimodal integrated intervention group (n = 49)	t value	P value
PSQ	Character problems	0.69 ± 0.18	0.58 ± 0.06	4.058	< 0.001
	Learning problems	0.94 ± 0.33	0.73 ± 0.11	4.226	< 0.001
	Psychosomatic problems	3.45 ± 1.05	2.87 ± 0.77	3.118	0.002
	Impulsivity-hyperactivity	1.11 ± 0.53	0.85 ± 0.12	3.349	0.001
	Anxiety	2.03 ± 1.23	1.23 ± 0.59	4.105	< 0.001
	Hyperactivity index	0.98 ± 0.32	0.68 ± 0.32	4.640	< 0.001
WFIRS	Family	0.59 ± 0.48	0.39 ± 0.23	2.630	0.010
	Learning/school	0.63 ± 0.48	0.35 ± 0.24	3.652	< 0.001
	Life skills	0.92 ± 0.42	0.65 ± 0.24	3.907	< 0.001
	Self-concept	0.94 ± 0.65	0.68 ± 0.31	2.527	0.013
	Social activities	0.52 ± 0.49	0.30 ± 0.18	2.950	0.004
	Adventure activities	0.29 ± 0.20	0.18 ± 0.11	3.373	0.001

PSQ: Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire; WFIRS: Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale.

Table 4 Sensory Integration Scale scores (mean ± SD)

		Medication group (n = 49)	Multimodal integrated intervention group (n = 49)	t value	P value
Before the intervention	Vestibular balance	23.56 ± 3.15	23.69 ± 3.14	0.205	0.838
	Tactile defense	29.95 ± 3.45	29.87 ± 3.56	0.113	0.910
	Proprioceptive function	29.08 ± 3.14	28.94 ± 3.35	0.213	0.832
	Learning ability	22.91 ± 4.02	22.77 ± 3.85	0.176	0.861
After the intervention	Vestibular balance	32.56 ± 4.15	39.88 ± 3.95	8.943	< 0.001
	Tactile defense	33.86 ± 4.12	38.85 ± 4.23	5.915	< 0.001
	Proprioceptive function	31.37 ± 3.95	35.75 ± 4.02	5.440	< 0.001
	Learning ability	26.94 ± 2.84	30.15 ± 2.58	5.856	< 0.001

Table 5 Overall training effect, n (%)

Group	n	Child compliance	Family satisfaction	Incidence of adverse events
Medication	49	31 (79.49)	35 (71.43)	8 (16.33)
Multimodal integrated intervention	49	47 (95.92)	48 (97.96)	1 (2.04)
χ2 value	-	16.082	13.303	5.995
P value	-	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.014