Elabela is a reliable biomarker for predicting early onset preeclampsia: A comparative study

Table 1 Demographic criteria of the study participants (n = 90)

Variable	Control (n = 30), mean ± SD	P value	Late-PE (n = 30), mean ± SD	Early-PE (n = 30), mean ± SD	P value
Age (yr)	26.53 ± 1.18	0.39 NS	28.33 ± 1.34	28.67 ± 0.99	0.39 NS
BMI (kg/m2)	24.93 ± 0.34	0.77 NS	26.19 ± 0.29	26.96 ± 3.42	0.77 NS
Gestational age (wk)	34.93 ± 0.20b	0.0001	36.30 ± 0.19a	30.70 ± 0.34c	0.0001
Systolic BP (mmHg)	106.00 ± 1.48b	0.0001	152.33 ± 1.71a	152.33 ± 1.64a	0.0001
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	82.67 ± 1.85b	0.0001	103.00 ± 1.80a	102.66 ± 1.79a	0.0001
Mean arterial BP (MAP)	90.44 ± 1.21b	0.0001	119.44 ±1.69a	119.22 ± 1.65a	0.0001
AST (IU/L)	23.09 ± 1.07b	0.05	34.05 ± 5.98a	27.25 ± 1.41ab	0.05
ALT (IU/L)	17.82 ± 0.88b	0.0001	30.06 ± 2.75a	25.17 ± 1.45a	0.0001
Urea (mg/dL)	25.01 ± 1.32	0.84 NS	25.93 ± 1.56	26.21 ± 1.64	0.84 NS
Creatinine (mg/dl)	0.665 ± 0.02b	0.0001	0.759 ± 0.02a	0.759 ± 0.02a	0.0001
Albumin in urine	-	0.19 NS	460.50 ± 47.06	381.66 ± 35.43	0.19 NS
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	12.68 ± 0.19a	0.0001	11.69 ± 0.19b	12.02 ± 0.21b	0.0001
Platelets counts × 109 L	287.60 ± 11.23a	0.0006	182.83 ± 10.48b	204.90 ± 10.70b	0.0006
Elabela (pg/mL)	18.36 ± 0.43a	0.002	11.05 ± 0.22b	7.61 ± 0.19c	0.002

^aThe highest difference.

^bModerate difference.

^cLeast difference.

The analysis was conducted using ANOVA, where the P value represents the difference among the three groups. To show which group has the highest difference, we use letters ^a, ^b, and ^c. If the three groups have no difference between them, then the letter used is the same. BMI: Body mass index; BP: Blood pressure; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine transaminase; NS: Not significant.

Table 2 Pearson correlation of elabela vs all study participants’ cases (n = 90)

Variable	Pearson correlation	P value
BMI (kg/m2)	-0.090	0.4200
Gestational age (wk)	0.440	< 0.0001
Systolic BP (mmHg)	-0.800	< 0.0001
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	-0.640	< 0.0001
Mean arterial BP	-0.700	< 0.0001
AST (IU/L)	-0.110	0.2000
ALT (IU/L)	0.200	< 0.0030
Urea (mg/dL)	0.004	0.9700
Creatinine (mg/dL)	-0.310	< 0.0030
Albumin in urine	0.160	0.2000
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	0.290	< 0.0040
Platelets count (× 109/L)	0.480	< 0.0001

MI: Body mass index; BP: Blood pressure; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine transaminase.

Table 3 Analysis of covariance

Variable	F-ratio	P value
Body mass index	0.120	0.74
Gestational age	0.990	0.32
Mean arterial pressure	0.001	0.97
Platelets count	0.020	0.65

Elabela was taken as independent factor versus the study parameters taken as dependent factors; none of the factors had an impact on serum elabela.

Table 4 Demonstrating the odds ratio, 95% confidence interval and respective P value for serum elabela in early, late-onset pre-eclampsia cases, and healthy controls with regard to serum elabela less 25 centiles

Groups	Odds ratio	95%CI	P value
Early-onset PE	5.21	1.28-21.24	0.02
Late-onset PE	1.80	0.39-8.32	0.45
Controls	Reference group

PE: Preeclampsia; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.