Progress in diagnosis and treatment of acute injury to the anterior talofibular ligament

Table 1 Classification of anterior talofibular ligament sprains

Type	Clinical manifestations	ATFL structural integrity
Type I	No swelling and ecchymosis	Complete fiber structure
Type II	Organized swelling	Complete fiber structure
Type III	Tissue swelling, ligament elongation, and tear	Fiber structure failure
Type IV	Completely broken, “floating ligament” can always be found	Fiber structure failure
Type V	Avulsion fracture at the edge of the talus or distal end of the ankle joint	Fiber structure failure

ATFL: Anterior talofibular ligament.