Effect of non-pharmacological treatment on the full recovery of social functioning in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Table 1 Patient characteristics

Characteristics	Pharmaceutical group (n = 45)	Non-pharmaceutical group (n = 45)	t value	P value
Sex, n (%)			0.653	0.419
Male	35 (77.78)	38 (84.45)
Female	10 (22.22)	7 (15.55)
Age (yr, mean)	6-18 (9.03 ± 1.78)	6-18 (9.23 ± 1.65)	0.553	0.582
Duration of disease (mo, mean)	11-35 (23.89 ± 1.77)	11-37 (23.48 ± 2.13)	0.993	0.323
Wechsler intelligence score (score, mean)	≥ 85 (90.23 ± 2.91)	≥ 85 (90.37 ± 2.75)	0.235	0.815
School, n (%)			0.720	0.396
Urban	39 (86.67)	36 (80.00)
Non-urban	6 (13.33)	9 (20.00)

Table 2 Treatment compliance, n (%)

Treatment compliance	Pharmaceutical group (n = 45)	Non-pharmaceutical group (n = 45)	χ2	P value
Before treatment			0.179	0.673
Complete compliance	1 (2.22)	2 (4.44)
Partial compliance	21 (46.67)	18 (40.00)
Non-compliance	23 (51.11)	25 (55.55)
Compliance	22 (48.89)	20 (44.44)
After treatment
Complete compliance	12 (26.67)	21 (46.67)	15.195	< 0.001
Partial compliance	20 (44.44)	22 (48.89)
Non-compliance	13 (28.89)	2 (4.44)
Compliance	32 (71.11)	43 (95.56)

Table 3 Conners scores (mean ± SD)

	Pharmaceutical group (n = 45)	Non-pharmaceutical group (n = 45)	t value	P value
Character problems	0.65 ± 0.11	0.61 ± 0.08	1.973	0.052
Learning problems	0.88 ± 0.25	0.81 ± 0.11	1.719	0.089
Psychosomatic problems	3.35 ± 1.05	3.21 ± 0.77	0.721	0.437
Impulsivity-hyperactivity	1.02 ± 0.51	0.87 ± 0.12	1.921	0.058
Anxiety	1.98 ± 1.21	1.87 ± 0.89	0.491	0.625
Hyperactivity index	0.85 ± 0.36	0.79 ± 0.35	0.802	0.425

Table 4 Weiss scores (mean ± SD)

	Pharmaceutical group (n = 45)	Non-pharmaceutical group (n = 45)	t value	P value
Family	0.78 ± 0.52	0.46 ± 0.41	3.242	0.002
Learning/school	0.52 ± 0.44	0.42 ± 0.35	1.193	0.236
Life skills	0.99 ± 0.38	0.69 ± 0.31	5.335	< 0.001
Self-concept	0.95 ± 0.42	0.65 ± 0.35	3.436	0.001
Social activities	0.45 ± 0.51	0.32 ± 0.21	1.581	0.117
Adventure activities	0.22 ± 0.21	0.20 ± 0.18	0.485	0.629