Individualized diabetes care: Lessons from the real-world experience

Table 1 Landmark clinical trials with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and the efficacy on diabesity management

Study name	Year	Drug molecule	Mean weight reduction (95%CI/SD)	Mean HbA1c reduction in % (95%CI/SD)	Ref.
Exenatide-113 Clinical Study	2004	Exenatide 10 mcg twice daily	-1.6 kg (SD +/-0.3)	-0.86 (SD +/- 0.11)	[10]
EXSCEL study	2017	Exenatide (ER) Once weekly	-1.27 kg (-1.40 to -1.13)	-0.53 (-0.57 to -0.50)	[11]
LEAD 3 (Mono) Trial	2009	Liraglutide 1.2 mg daily	-1.6 kg (-2.43 to -0.88)	-1.21 (-1.35 to -1.06)	[12]
SUSTAIN 7 Trial	2018	Dulaglutide 1.5 mg weekly	-3.0 kg (SD: 0.27)	-1.4 (SD: -0.06)	[12]
SUSTAIN 7 Trial	2018	Semaglutide 1 mg weekly	-6.5 kg (SD: -0.28)	-1.8 (SD: -0.06)	[12]

Effects in comparison to placebo. HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; CI: Confidence interval; SD: Standard deviation; ER: Extended-release.

Table 2 Landmark clinical trials with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor inhibitors and the efficacy on diabesity management

Study name	Year	Drug molecule	Mean weight reduction (95%CI)	Mean % reduction of HbA1c (95%CI)	Ref.
EMPA-REG Trial	2015	Empagliflozin 25 mg	-1.9 kg (-2.1 to -1.7)	-0.60 (-0.64 to -0.55)	[24]
CANVAS Trial	2017	Canagliflozin 300 mg	-2.8 kg (-3.21 to -2.39)	-0.80 (-0.62 to -0.98)	[25]
DECLARE-TIMI-58 Trial	2019	Dapagliflozin 10 mg	-1.51 kg (-1.81 to -1.21)	-0.55 (-0.62 to -0.53)	[26]

HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; CI: Confidence interval.