Prevalence and risk factors for Candida esophagitis among human immunodeficiency virus-negative individuals

Table 1 Univariate analysis of clinical characteristics associated with Candida esophagitis

Characteristics	Candida esophagitis (%)		P value
	Yes (n = 47)	No (n = 11755)
Age (yr) (mean ± SD)	55.13 ± 11.73	51.27 ± 11.58	0.023
Male gender	32 (68.1)	6541 (55.6)	0.087
Smoking	9 (19.1)	1979 (16.8)	0.672
Consumption of alcohol	30 (63.8)	5674 (48.3)	0.033
Consumption of betel nuts	3 (6.4)	400 (3.4)	0.216
Underlying disease
Cardiovascular disease	5 (10.6)	1520 (12.9)	0.640
Pulmonary disease	3 (6.4)	542 (4.6)	0.478
Diabetes mellitus	4 (8.5)	845 (7.2)	0.579
Hepatitis	6 (12.8)	975 (8.3)	0.281
Malignancy	0 (0)	224 (1.9)	1.000
Hyperlipidemia	6 (12.8)	1376 (11.7)	0.821
Chronic kidney disease	4 (8.5)	70 (0.6)	< 0.001
Steroid use	2 (4.3)	21 (0.2)	0.004
Previous gastric surgery	0 (0)	3 (< 0.1)	1.000
Symptoms
Acid reflux	0 (0)	344 (2.9)	0.648
Chest pain	7 (14.9)	1549 (13.2)	0.729
Nausea/vomiting	0 (0)	200 (1.7)	1.000
Abdominal pain	3 (6.4)	1264 (10.8)	0.334
Dysphagia	1 (2.1)	134 (1.1)	0.525
Odynophagia	0 (0)	7 (0.1)	0.867
Globus	0 (0)	25 (0.2)	1.000
Waist			0.182
Normal (< 90 cm for males, < 80 cm for females)	26 (55.3)	7600 (64.7)
Obese (≥ 90 cm for males, ≥ 80 cm for females)	21 (44.7)	4155 (35.3)
Body fat percentage			0.081
Normal (< 25% for males, < 30% for females)	28 (59.6)	8347 (71.1)
Obese (≥ 25% for males, ≥ 30% for females)	19 (40.4)	3387 (28.9)
BMI			0.463
Normal (BMI < 24)	22 (46.8)	6523 (55.5)
Overweight (24 ≤ BMI < 27)	15 (31.9)	3293 (28.0)
Obese (27 ≥ BMI)	10 (21.3)	1939 (16.5)
Helicobacter pylori infection	9 (19.1)	2047 (17.4)	0.754
Endoscopic findings
Reflux esophagitis	7 (14.9)	2940 (25.0)	0.110
Hiatal hernia	20 (42.6)	5302 (45.1)	0.726
Gastric ulcer	23 (48.9)	4896 (41.7)	0.312
Duodenal ulcer	2 (4.3)	850 (7.2)	0.580
Gastric and duodenal ulcer	23 (48.9)	5179 (44.1)	0.501
ESEM	5 (10.6)	1277 (10.9)	0.961
Barrett's esophagus	1 (2.1)	283 (2.4)	1.000

BMI: Body mass index; ESEM: Endoscopically suspected esophageal metaplasia.

Table 2 Multivariable analysis of risk factors predicting Candida esophagitis

Clinical factor	Coefficient	Standard error	Odds ratio (95%CI)	P value
Age	0.026	0.013	1.027 (1.001-1.053)	0.045
Chronic kidney disease	2.600	0.551	13.470 (4.574-39.673)	< 0.001
Steroid use	3.189	0.772	24.255 (5.343-110.115)	< 0.001
Alcohol consumption	0.743	0.308	2.103 (1.151-3.844)	0.016

Table 3 The relationship between endoscopic severity of Candida esophagitis and clinical symptoms

Symptoms	Severity (%)				P value
	Grade 1 (n = 11)	Grade 2 (n = 29)	Grade 3 (n = 6)	Grade 4 (n = 1)
Chest pain	3 (27.3)	4 (13.8)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.564
Abdominal pain	1 (9.1)	2 (6.9)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.000
Dysphagia	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (100)	0.021
Globus	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	N/A
Acid reflux	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	N/A
Odynophagia	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	N/A

N/A: Not applicable.