Boyraz RK, Şahan E, Boylu ME, Kırpınar İ. Predictors of long-term anxiety and depression in discharged COVID-19 patients: A follow-up study. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10(22): 7832-7843 [PMID: 36158499 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i22.7832]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Rabia Kevser Boyraz, MD, Doctor, Postdoc, Department of Psychiatry, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul 34480, Turkey. rabiasancili@yahoo.com
Research Domain of This Article
Psychiatry
Article-Type of This Article
Prospective Study
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
World J Clin Cases. Aug 6, 2022; 10(22): 7832-7843 Published online Aug 6, 2022. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i22.7832
Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical features of participants
Sociodemographic features
n (%)
Sex
Female
89 (51.7)
Male
83 (48.3)
Age (yr)
18-50
72 (41.9)
50-86
100 (58.1)
Marital status
Married
137 (79.7)
Single
13 (7.6)
Divorced
7 (4.1)
Widowed
15 (8.7)
Household
Family
137 (79.7)
Roommate
3 (1.7)
Partner
23 (13.4)
Alone
9 (5.2)
Children
No
17 (9.9)
Yes
155 (90.1)
Employment
Employed
52 (30.2)
Unemployed
4 (2.3)
Retired
40 (23.3)
Housewife
71 (41.3)
Other
5 (2.9)
Financial status
Low income
73 (42.4)
Middle income
82 (47.7)
High income
17 (9.9)
Smoking history
Yes
29 (16.9)
No
143 (83.1)
Alcohol
Yes
6 (3.5)
No
166 (96.5)
Clinical features
Chronic disease
No comorbidity
85 (49.4)
Hypertension
10 (5.8)
Diabetes
8 (4.7)
Cardiovascular
6 (3.5)
Cancer
3 (1.7)
Pulmonary
13 (7.6)
Neurologic
3 (1.7)
Gastrointestinal
1 (0.6)
Thyroid
1 (0.6)
Allergic
2 (1.2)
Rheumatologic
1 (0.6)
Endocrinology
1 (0.6)
Metabolic
1 (0.6)
Other infections
1 (0.6)
Fibromyalgia
1 (0.6)
2 medical diseases, one from first 5
16 (9.3)
2 medical diseases, two from the first 5
2 (1.2)
2 or more of first 5
17 (9.9)
Psychiatric comorbidity
Yes
46 (26.7)
No
126 (73.3)
Reinfection
Yes
32 (18.6)
No
140 (81.4)
Vaccination
Yes
153 (89)
No
19 (11)
Which vaccine
None
17 (9.9)
2 Sinovac
22 (12.9)
3 Sinovac
33 (19.3)
2 BioNTech
55 (32.2)
2 Sinovac+1 BioNTech
36 (21.1)
2 Sinovac+2 BioNTech
3 (1.8)
1 BioNTech
4 (2.3)
1 Sinovac
1 (0.6)
Death of relatives caused by COVID-19
Yes
51 (29.7)
No
121 (70.3)
Persistent symptoms
Yes
83 (48.3)
No
89 (51.7)
Tiredness
67 (39)
Palpitation
30 (17.4)
Dyspnea
30 (17.4)
Sleep disorders
5 (2.9)
Easy fatigue
5 (2.9)
Other symptoms
9 (5.2)
Table 2 Comparison of anxiety and depression scores by different variables
HADS-A score (mean ± SD)
P value
HADS-D score (mean ± SD)
P value
Sex
Female
10.65 ± 5.16
0.0
8.65 ± 4.14
0.76
Male
7.40 ± 4.01
8.44 ± 4.67
Age (yr)
≤ 50
7.50 ± 4.73
0.000
7.12 ± 4.66
0.0
> 50
10.23 ± 4.73
9.58 ± 3.90
Marital status
Married
8.73 ± 4.93
0.003 (between married and widowed)
8.59 ± 4.34
> 0.05
Single
8.38 ± 4.48
6.61 ± 4.42
Divorced
10.57 ± 6.57
9.42 ± 6.60
Widowed
12.2 ± 2.98
9.40 ± 3.54
Having children
No
8.64 ± 4.22
0.69
6.94 ± 4.13
0.11
Yes
9.13 ± 4.98
8.72 ± 4.40
Employment
Employed
7.11 ± 4.57
0.000 (between employed and housewife)
7.76 ± 4.80
> 0.05
Unemployed
5.50 ± 3.51
8.50 ± 8.34
Retired
9.00 ± 3.96
9.15 ± 3.81
Housewife
10.80 ± 5.19
9.05 ± 4.13
Other
8.80 ± 3.49
4.80 ± 2.28
Financial status
Low income
9.86 ± 4.25
> 0.05
9.16 ± 3.60
0.009 between low income and high income; 0.03 between middle income and high income
Middle income
8.79 ± 5.26
8.59 ± 4.78
High income
7.17 ± 5.36
5.70 ± 4.66
Household
Family
8.68 ± 4.87
> 0.05
8.31 ± 4.52
> 0.05
Roommate
10.00 ± 5.29
8.66 ± 1.52
Partner
11.08 ± 4.07
9.73 ± 3.10
Alone
9.77 ± 6.55
9.11 ± 5.77
Smoking
No
9.33 ± 5.08
0.14
8.58 ± 4.38
0.81
Yes
7.86 ± 3.73
8.37 ± 4.53
Chronic medical disease
No
9.01 ± 4.48
0.84
8.59 ± 4.25
0.90
Yes
9.16 ± 5.32
8.51 ± 4.55
Lifetime psychiatric disorder
No
8.28 ± 4.90
0.00
8.29 ± 4.51
0.20
Yes
11.28 ± 4.24
9.26 ± 4.02
Family member death caused by COVID-19
No
8.71 ± 4.80
0.13
8.38 ± 4.27
0.43
Yes
9.96 ± 5.07
8.96 ± 4.69
Vaccination
No
6.00 ± 5.2
0.003
4.36 ± 4.07
0.00
Yes
9.47 ± 4.73
9.07 ± 4.16
Reinfection
No
8.82 ± 4.83
0.14
8.44 ± 4.31
0.49
Yes
10.21 ± 5.12
9.03 ± 4.80
Symptoms
No
8.00 ± 5.26
0.002
7.98 ± 4.85
0.082
Yes
10.25 ± 4.21
9.15 ± 3.78
> tiredness
No
8.30 ± 5.27
0.10
8.06 ± 4.77
0.01
Yes
10.26 ± 4.06
9.19 ± 3.59
> palpitation
No
8.71 ± 5.01
0.03
8.29 ± 4.44
0.09
Yes
10.83 ± 4.00
9.76 ± 3.99
> dyspnea
No
8.68 ± 4.99
0.18
8.49 ± 4.50
0.70
Yes
11.00 ± 3.99
8.83 ± 3.92
> sleep disorders
No
9.02 ± 4.90
0.33
8.53 ± 4.41
0.81
Yes
11.20 ± 4.96
9.00 ± 4.18
> easy fatigue
No
9.07 ± 4.90
0.81
8.64 ± 4.40
0.10
Yes
9.60 ± 5.54
5.40 ± 2.70
Table 3 Multivariate regression analysis of factors associated with depressive symptoms
Coefficients
Model
Unstandardized coefficients
Standardized coefficients
T
Sig.
95.0% confidence interval for B
B
Std. error
Beta
Lower bound
Upper bound
(Constant)
5.381
1.8439
2.92679
0.004
1.750
9.012
Vaccination
4.172
1.002
0.298
4.162
0.000
2.193
6.151
> 50 yr
1.644
0.643
0.185
2.558
0.011
0.375
2.912
Financial status
-1.174
0.478
-0.173
-2.455
0.015
-2.118
-0.230
Table 4 Multivariate regression analysis of factors associated with anxiety symptoms
Coefficients
Model
Unstandardized coefficients
Standardized coefficients
T
Sig.
95.0% confidence interval for B
B
Std. error
Beta
Lower bound
Upper bound
(Constant)
8.678
2.232
3.887
0.000
4.270
13.086
Vaccination
3.355
1.108
0.215
3.028
0.003
1.167
5.543
> 50 yr
1.656
0.695
0.167
2.384
0.018
0.284
3.028
Dyspnea
1.747
0.874
0.135
2.000
0.047
0.022
3.472
Sex
-2.747
0.702
-0.280
-3.914
0.000
-4.133
-1.361
Marital status
0.641
0.364
0.121
1.761
0.080
1.360
Psychiatric comorbidity
-1.348
0.789
-0.122
-1.709
0.089
0.209
Table 5 Tiredness” and hospital anxiety and depression scale-depression score changes are associated with increased anxiety symptoms
Coefficients
Model
Unstandardized coefficients
Standardized coefficients
T
Sig.
95.0% confidence interval for B
B
Std. error
Beta
Lower bound
Upper bound
(Constant)
-1.226
1.151
-1.065
0.288
-3.499
1.047
Delta HADS-D
0.634
0.054
0.675
3.028
0.000
0.528
0.740
Tiredness
1.793
0.761
0.131
2.384
0.020
0.290
3.296
Vaccination
0.002
1.209
0.000
2.000
0.999
-2.386
2.389
Table 6 Being vaccinated and baseline HADS-D score are significantly associated with increased depressive symptoms
Coefficients
Model
Unstandardized coefficients
Standardized coefficients
T
Sig.
95.0% confidence interval for B
B
Std. error
Beta
Lower bound
Upper bound
(Constant)
4.592
1.113
4.125
0.000
2.394
6.789
Reinfection
0.600
1.113
0.032
0.723
0.471
-1.038
2.238
Vaccination
4.680
1.012
0.204
4.626
0.000
2.683
6.677
HADS-A
-0.014
0.093
-0.010
-0.149
0.881
-0.197
0.170
HADS-D
-1.015
0.093
-0.773
0.10951
0.000
-1.198
-0.832
Citation: Boyraz RK, Şahan E, Boylu ME, Kırpınar İ. Predictors of long-term anxiety and depression in discharged COVID-19 patients: A follow-up study. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10(22): 7832-7843