Predictors of long-term anxiety and depression in discharged COVID-19 patients: A follow-up study

Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical features of participants

Sociodemographic features		n (%)
Sex	Female	89 (51.7)
	Male	83 (48.3)
Age (yr)	18-50	72 (41.9)
	50-86	100 (58.1)
Marital status	Married	137 (79.7)
	Single	13 (7.6)
	Divorced	7 (4.1)
	Widowed	15 (8.7)
Household	Family	137 (79.7)
	Roommate	3 (1.7)
	Partner	23 (13.4)
	Alone	9 (5.2)
Children	No	17 (9.9)
	Yes	155 (90.1)
Employment	Employed	52 (30.2)
	Unemployed	4 (2.3)
	Retired	40 (23.3)
	Housewife	71 (41.3)
	Other	5 (2.9)
Financial status	Low income	73 (42.4)
	Middle income	82 (47.7)
	High income	17 (9.9)
Smoking history	Yes	29 (16.9)
	No	143 (83.1)
Alcohol	Yes	6 (3.5)
	No	166 (96.5)
Clinical features
Chronic disease	No comorbidity	85 (49.4)
	Hypertension	10 (5.8)
	Diabetes	8 (4.7)
	Cardiovascular	6 (3.5)
	Cancer	3 (1.7)
	Pulmonary	13 (7.6)
	Neurologic	3 (1.7)
	Gastrointestinal	1 (0.6)
	Thyroid	1 (0.6)
	Allergic	2 (1.2)
	Rheumatologic	1 (0.6)
	Endocrinology	1 (0.6)
	Metabolic	1 (0.6)
	Other infections	1 (0.6)
	Fibromyalgia	1 (0.6)
	2 medical diseases, one from first 5	16 (9.3)
	2 medical diseases, two from the first 5	2 (1.2)
	2 or more of first 5	17 (9.9)
Psychiatric comorbidity	Yes	46 (26.7)
	No	126 (73.3)
Reinfection	Yes	32 (18.6)
	No	140 (81.4)
Vaccination	Yes	153 (89)
	No	19 (11)
Which vaccine	None	17 (9.9)
	2 Sinovac	22 (12.9)
	3 Sinovac	33 (19.3)
	2 BioNTech	55 (32.2)
	2 Sinovac+1 BioNTech	36 (21.1)
	2 Sinovac+2 BioNTech	3 (1.8)
	1 BioNTech	4 (2.3)
	1 Sinovac	1 (0.6)
Death of relatives caused by COVID-19	Yes	51 (29.7)
	No	121 (70.3)
Persistent symptoms	Yes	83 (48.3)
	No	89 (51.7)
	Tiredness	67 (39)
	Palpitation	30 (17.4)
	Dyspnea	30 (17.4)
	Sleep disorders	5 (2.9)
	Easy fatigue	5 (2.9)
	Other symptoms	9 (5.2)

Table 2 Comparison of anxiety and depression scores by different variables

	HADS-A score (mean ± SD)	P value	HADS-D score (mean ± SD)	P value
Sex
Female	10.65 ± 5.16	0.0	8.65 ± 4.14	0.76
Male	7.40 ± 4.01		8.44 ± 4.67
Age (yr)
≤ 50	7.50 ± 4.73	0.000	7.12 ± 4.66	0.0
> 50	10.23 ± 4.73		9.58 ± 3.90
Marital status
Married	8.73 ± 4.93	0.003 (between married and widowed)	8.59 ± 4.34	> 0.05
Single	8.38 ± 4.48		6.61 ± 4.42
Divorced	10.57 ± 6.57		9.42 ± 6.60
Widowed	12.2 ± 2.98		9.40 ± 3.54
Having children
No	8.64 ± 4.22	0.69	6.94 ± 4.13	0.11
Yes	9.13 ± 4.98		8.72 ± 4.40
Employment
Employed	7.11 ± 4.57	0.000 (between employed and housewife)	7.76 ± 4.80	> 0.05
Unemployed	5.50 ± 3.51		8.50 ± 8.34
Retired	9.00 ± 3.96		9.15 ± 3.81
Housewife	10.80 ± 5.19		9.05 ± 4.13
Other	8.80 ± 3.49		4.80 ± 2.28
Financial status
Low income	9.86 ± 4.25	> 0.05	9.16 ± 3.60	0.009 between low income and high income; 0.03 between middle income and high income
Middle income	8.79 ± 5.26		8.59 ± 4.78
High income	7.17 ± 5.36		5.70 ± 4.66
Household
Family	8.68 ± 4.87	> 0.05	8.31 ± 4.52	> 0.05
Roommate	10.00 ± 5.29		8.66 ± 1.52
Partner	11.08 ± 4.07		9.73 ± 3.10
Alone	9.77 ± 6.55		9.11 ± 5.77
Smoking
No	9.33 ± 5.08	0.14	8.58 ± 4.38	0.81
Yes	7.86 ± 3.73		8.37 ± 4.53
Chronic medical disease
No	9.01 ± 4.48	0.84	8.59 ± 4.25	0.90
Yes	9.16 ± 5.32		8.51 ± 4.55
Lifetime psychiatric disorder
No	8.28 ± 4.90	0.00	8.29 ± 4.51	0.20
Yes	11.28 ± 4.24		9.26 ± 4.02
Family member death caused by COVID-19
No	8.71 ± 4.80	0.13	8.38 ± 4.27	0.43
Yes	9.96 ± 5.07		8.96 ± 4.69
Vaccination
No	6.00 ± 5.2	0.003	4.36 ± 4.07	0.00
Yes	9.47 ± 4.73		9.07 ± 4.16
Reinfection
No	8.82 ± 4.83	0.14	8.44 ± 4.31	0.49
Yes	10.21 ± 5.12		9.03 ± 4.80
Symptoms
No	8.00 ± 5.26	0.002	7.98 ± 4.85	0.082
Yes	10.25 ± 4.21		9.15 ± 3.78
> tiredness
No	8.30 ± 5.27	0.10	8.06 ± 4.77	0.01
Yes	10.26 ± 4.06		9.19 ± 3.59
> palpitation
No	8.71 ± 5.01	0.03	8.29 ± 4.44	0.09
Yes	10.83 ± 4.00		9.76 ± 3.99
> dyspnea
No	8.68 ± 4.99	0.18	8.49 ± 4.50	0.70
Yes	11.00 ± 3.99		8.83 ± 3.92
> sleep disorders
No	9.02 ± 4.90	0.33	8.53 ± 4.41	0.81
Yes	11.20 ± 4.96		9.00 ± 4.18
> easy fatigue
No	9.07 ± 4.90	0.81	8.64 ± 4.40	0.10
Yes	9.60 ± 5.54		5.40 ± 2.70

Adjusted P < 0.025. HADS-A: Hospital anxiety and depression scale-anxiety score; HADS-D: Hospital anxiety and depression scale-depression score.

Table 3 Multivariate regression analysis of factors associated with depressive symptoms

Coefficients
Model	Unstandardized coefficients		Standardized coefficients	T	Sig.	95.0% confidence interval for B
	B	Std. error	Beta			Lower bound	Upper bound
(Constant)	5.381	1.8439		2.92679	0.004	1.750	9.012
Vaccination	4.172	1.002	0.298	4.162	0.000	2.193	6.151
> 50 yr	1.644	0.643	0.185	2.558	0.011	0.375	2.912
Financial status	-1.174	0.478	-0.173	-2.455	0.015	-2.118	-0.230

Table 4 Multivariate regression analysis of factors associated with anxiety symptoms

Coefficients
Model	Unstandardized coefficients		Standardized coefficients	T	Sig.	95.0% confidence interval for B
	B	Std. error	Beta			Lower bound	Upper bound
(Constant)	8.678	2.232		3.887	0.000	4.270	13.086
Vaccination	3.355	1.108	0.215	3.028	0.003	1.167	5.543
> 50 yr	1.656	0.695	0.167	2.384	0.018	0.284	3.028
Dyspnea	1.747	0.874	0.135	2.000	0.047	0.022	3.472
Sex	-2.747	0.702	-0.280	-3.914	0.000	-4.133	-1.361
Marital status	0.641	0.364	0.121	1.761	0.080		1.360
Psychiatric comorbidity	-1.348	0.789	-0.122	-1.709	0.089		0.209

Table 5 Tiredness” and hospital anxiety and depression scale-depression score changes are associated with increased anxiety symptoms

Coefficients
Model	Unstandardized coefficients		Standardized coefficients	T	Sig.	95.0% confidence interval for B
	B	Std. error	Beta			Lower bound	Upper bound
(Constant)	-1.226	1.151		-1.065	0.288	-3.499	1.047
Delta HADS-D	0.634	0.054	0.675	3.028	0.000	0.528	0.740
Tiredness	1.793	0.761	0.131	2.384	0.020	0.290	3.296
Vaccination	0.002	1.209	0.000	2.000	0.999	-2.386	2.389

Delta-HADS-D: Delta-hospital anxiety and depression scale-depression score.

Table 6 Being vaccinated and baseline HADS-D score are significantly associated with increased depressive symptoms

Coefficients
Model	Unstandardized coefficients		Standardized coefficients	T	Sig.	95.0% confidence interval for B
	B	Std. error	Beta			Lower bound	Upper bound
(Constant)	4.592	1.113		4.125	0.000	2.394	6.789
Reinfection	0.600	1.113	0.032	0.723	0.471	-1.038	2.238
Vaccination	4.680	1.012	0.204	4.626	0.000	2.683	6.677
HADS-A	-0.014	0.093	-0.010	-0.149	0.881	-0.197	0.170
HADS-D	-1.015	0.093	-0.773	0.10951	0.000	-1.198	-0.832

HADS-A: Hospital anxiety and depression scale-anxiety score; HADS-D: Hospital anxiety and depression scale-depression score.