Laparoscopic repair of diaphragmatic hernia associating with radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: A case report

Table 1 The background and the details of radiofrequency ablation in the reported cases

Case	Ref.	Age	Sex	Underlying liver disease	Child-Pugh classification	Tumor location (size)	Guiding modality	Artificial ascites/pleural effusion	Type of needle	The number of RFA
1	Koda et al[8], 2003	61	F	HB	B	S6, S8 (15 mm, 10 mm, 25 mm)	Sonography	None	Expandable	2
2	Shibuya et al[9], 2006	72	M	AH	NA	S4/S8 (28 mm)	Sonography	None	Expandable	2
3	di Francesco et al[10], 2008	49	M	AH and HC	NA	S8 (54 mm)	NA	None	Cool-tip	1
4	Yamagami et al[12], 2011	71	F	HC	B	S7 (24 mm)	CT	None	Cool-tip	1
5	Singh et al[11], 2011	46	F	AH and HB	A	S2/S3, S5/S8 (17 mm, 18 mm)	Sonography	None	Cool-tip	1
6	Kim et al[13], 2013	61	M	AH	A	S5, S8 (13 mm, 11 mm)	Sonography	None	Cool-tip	2
7	Zhou et al[14], 2013	61	F	HB	NA	S8 (15 mm)	NA	NA	NA	1
8	Nakamura et al[15], 2014	81	M	HC	NA	S4, S8 (19 mm, 24 mm)	Sonography	None	Cool-tip	1
9	Nomura et al[16], 2014	62	M	HC	C	S8 (21 mm)	Sonography	None	Cool-tip	1
10	Saito et al[17], 2015	81	M	HC	C	S3, S5, S5/S8, S8 (NA)	NA	NA	NA	3
11	Abe et al[18], 2016	72	F	HC	B	S5 (NA)	NA	NA	NA	Several times
12	Nagasu et al[19], 2017	49	M	AH	A	S4 (17 mm)	Sonography	None	Cool-tip	Several times
13	Nagasu et al[19], 2017	79	F	HC	B	S8 (19 mm)	Sonography	None	Cool-tip	Several times
14	Nagasu et al[19], 2017	68	M	HC	C	S8 (26 mm)	CT	None	Expandable	1
15	Nagasu et al[19], 2017	70	F	HC	C	S6 (23 mm)	Sonography	None	Cool-tip	1
16	Nagasu et al[19], 2017	65	M	HC	B	S8 (21 mm)	Sonography	None	Cool-tip	1
17	Nagasu et al[19], 2017	76	F	HC	A	S8 (20 mm)	Sonography	None	Cool-tip	Several times
18	Morito et al[20], 2021	78	M	HC	NA	S6/S7, S8 (NA)	Thoracoscopic	Artificial pleural effusion	NA	2
19	Ushijima et al[21], 2021	82	M	HC	B	S6, S4/S5, S8 (NA)	NA	NA	NA	3
20	Current case	83	F	AIH	B	S8 (20 mm)	Sonography	Artificial pleural effusion	Expandable	2

F: Female; M: Male; RFA: Radiofrequency ablation; HB: Hepatitis B; AH: Alcoholic hepatitis; HC: Hepatitis C; AIH: Autoimmune hepatitis; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; CM: Conservative management; CT: Computed tomography; OS: Open surgery; LS: Laparoscopic surgery; NA: Not available.

Table 2 The details of diaphragmatic hernia and the corresponding treatments in the reported cases

Case	Ref.	Times from last RFA (mo)	Symptoms	Herniated viscera	Size of hernia orifice (cm)	Necrosis of intestines	Surgical approach	Suture/mesh	Postoperative complication	Prognosis
1	Koda et al[8], 2003	32	Dyspnea	Colon	5	No	OS	Suture	Hemorrhage from rupture of the HCC	Died of HCC rupture
2	Shibuya et al[9], 2006	18	Right upper abdominal pain and dyspnea	Small intestine	NA	NA	Surgery	Suture	None	Alive
3	di Francesco et al[10], 2008	15	Nausea and vomiting	Small intestine	3	No	OS	Suture	None	Alive
4	Yamagami et al[12], 2011	36	Dyspnea	Colon	NA	No	CM	-	-	Alive
5	Singh et al[11], 2011	19	Right upper abdominal pain and dyspnea	Colon	5	No	LS	Non-absorbable interrupted suture	None	Alive
6	Kim et al[13], 2013	9	None	Mesenteric fat	2	No	CM	-	-	Alive
7	Zhou et al[14], 2013	12	Lower abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting	Transverse colon	4	Yes	OS	Suture	None	Alive
8	Nakamura et al[15], 2014	18	Right upper abdominal pain and dyspnea	Small intestine	5	Yes	OS	Non-absorbable interrupted suture	None	Alive
9	Nomura et al[16], 2014	96	Nausea	Right colon	4	No	LS	Non-absorbable interrupted suture	Recurrence of diaphragmatic hernia	Alive
10	Saito et al[17], 2015	28	Right upper abdominal pain	Small intestine	4	No	OS	Suture	Liver failure	Died of liver failure
11	Abe et al[18], 2016	15	Right upper abdominal pain and dyspnea	Transverse colon	10	No	OS	Non-absorbable suture	None	Alive
12	Nagasu et al[19], 2017	17	None	None	NA	No	OS	Interrupted suture	None	Alive
13	Nagasu et al[19], 2017	9	Abdominal pain	Small intestine	NA	No	OS	Interrupted suture	None	Alive
14	Nagasu et al[19], 2017	21	Abdominal pain	Mesenteric fat	NA	No	OS	Interrupted suture	None	Died of liver failure
15	Nagasu et al[19], 2017	8	Dyspnea	Colon	NA	Yes	OS	Interrupted suture	None	Died of liver failure
16	Nagasu et al[19], 2017	16	Abdominal pain	Colon	NA	No	OS	Interrupted suture	None	Died of liver failure
17	Nagasu et al[19], 2017	6	None	None	NA	No	OS	Interrupted suture	None	Alive
18	Morito et al[20], 2021	12	Nausea and abdominal pain	Small intestine	8	Yes	OS	Non-absorbable interrupted suture	None	Alive
19	Ushijima et al[21], 2021	16	Dyspnea	Transverse colon	2	No	LS	Non-absorbable suture and mesh	None	Alive
20	Current case	28	Right upper abdominal pain	Small intestine	5	No	LS	Non-absorbable running suture	None	Alive

RFA: Radiofrequency ablation; HB: Hepatitis B; AH: Alcoholic hepatitis; HC: Hepatitis C; AIH: Autoimmune hepatitis; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; CM: Conservative management; OS: Open surgery; LS: Laparoscopic surgery; NA: Not available.