Superior mesenteric venous thrombosis: Endovascular management and outcomes

Table 1 Patient baseline characteristics (n = 24)

Measure	Value1
Age (yr)	60 (35-74)
Sex
Male	16 (66.7)
Female	8 (33.3)
Symptoms2,3
Abdominal pain	17 (70.8)
Nausea and vomiting	12 (50.0)
Abdominal distention	9 (37.5)
Constipation	5 (20.8)
Diarrhea (bloody or non-bloody)	3 (12.5)
Hematemesis	1 (4.2)
Signs2,3
Ascites	7 (29.2)
Abdominal tenderness	6 (25.0)
Fever	3 (12.5)
Hypotension (SBP < 90)	1 (4.2)
Jaundice	1 (4.2)
Risk factors2,3
Liver cirrhosis	11 (45.8)
Intra-abdominal surgery	11 (45.8)
Pancreatic cancer	6 (25.0)
Intra-abdominal infection	4 (16.7)
Hepatocellular carcinoma	3 (12.5)
Others	9 (37.5)

¹Values reported as median (range) or n (%).

²Some patients reported more than 1 symptom or risk factor.

³Some patients did not report any symptom, sign or risk factor.

SBP: Systolic blood pressure.

Table 2 Treatment options and patient outcomes (n = 24)

Measure	Value1
Endovascular modality2
Thrombectomy	12 (50.0)
Thrombolysis	10 (41.7)
Stent placement	9 (37.5)
TIPS	6 (25.0)
Balloon angioplasty	4 (16.7)
Technical success outcome3	18 (75.0)
Complete	11 (61.1)
Partial	7 (38.9)
Clinical outcome
Resolution	11 (45.8)
Partial improvement	9 (37.5)
Not changed	3 (12.5)
Got worse	1 (4.2)
Clavien-Dindo classification4
Grade I	4 (16.7)
Grade II	5 (20.8)
Grade III	1 (4.2)
Grade IV	0 (0.0)
Grade V	1 (4.2)
Intestinal resection	1 (4.2)
In-hospital time, d	12 (1-68)
Readmission	1 (4.2)
Follow-up duration, mo	23 (1-145)

¹Values reported as n (%) or median (range).

²Of 54.2% (n = 13) patients had more than 1 modality.

³Of 6 patients did not establish a primary flow.

⁴Of 13 patients did not develop minor or major complications.

TIPS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.

Table 3 Thrombectomy and thrombolysis therapy

Measure	n (%)
Access (n = 24)
Transhepatic	13 (54.2)
Transjugular	11 (45.8)
Thrombectomy (n = 12)
Pharmacomechanical	9 (75.0)
Aspiration	3 (25.0)
Thrombolysis (n = 10)
Thrombolytic agent
tPA	9 (90.0)
rtPA	1 (10.0)
Infusion rate
1.0 mg/h	5 (50.0)
0.5 mg/h	3 (30.0)
Fixed dose	2 (20.0)
Infusion duration1 (n = 8)
24 h	2 (25.0)
48 h	4 (50.0)
72 h	2 (25.0)

¹Patients who received fixed doses (n = 2) were excluded.

rtPA: Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator; tPA: Tissue plasminogen activator.