Tuberous sclerosis complex-lymphangioleiomyomatosis involving several visceral organs: A case report

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare cystic lung disease characterized by the proliferation, metastasis, and infiltration of smooth muscle cells in the lung and other tissues, which can be associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). The disorder of TSC has a variable expression, and there is great phenotypic variability.

CASE SUMMARY

A 32-year-old Chinese woman with a history of multiple renal angioleiomyolipoma presented with a productive cough persisting for over 2 wk. High-resolution chest computed tomography revealed interstitial changes, multiple pulmonary bullae, bilateral pulmonary nodules, and multiple fat density areas of the inferior mediastinum. Conventional and contrast ultrasonography revealed multiple high echogenic masses of the liver, kidneys, retroperitoneum, and inferior mediastinum. These masses were diagnosed as angiomyolipomas. Pathology through thoracoscopic lung biopsy confirmed LAM. Furthermore, high-throughput genome sequencing of peripheral blood DNA confirmed the presence of a heterozygous mutation, c.1831C>T (p.Arg611Trp), of the TSC2 gene. The patient was diagnosed with TSC-LAM.

CONCLUSION

We highlight a rare case of TSC-LAM and the first report of a mediastinum lymphangioleiomyoma associated with TSC-LAM.

Key Words: Tuberous sclerosis complex; Lymphangioleiomyomatosis; Angioleiomyolipoma; High-resolution chest computed tomography; Contrast ultrasonography; Case report

Core Tip: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis is a rare cystic lung disease that can be associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). The disorder of TSC has a variable expression and there is great phenotypic variability. A 32-year-old Chinese woman with a history of multiple renal angioleiomyolipoma since the age of 14 was diagnosed with TSC-lymphangioleiomyomatosis by high-resolution computed tomography, conventional and contrast ultrasonography, pathology through thoracoscopic lung biopsy, and high-throughput genome sequencing of peripheral blood DNA.

INTRODUCTION

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare, cystic lung disease. It belongs to a family of neoplasms with perivascular epithelioid differentiation that causes a multisystemic disorder characterized by the proliferation, metastasis, and infiltration of smooth muscle cells in the lungs and other tissues. The disorder is thought to be caused by the loss of the tuberous sclerosis complex-2 (TSC2) gene heterozygosity in the 16p13 chromosome[1]. LAM can occur either sporadically or in association with TSC disease (TSC-LAM) (13%-40% of cases)[1,2]. TSC-LAM is characterized by the presence of pulmonary cysts and other lesion sites, including the brain, heart, kidneys, and skin[1,3]. Symptoms and severity of TSC differ widely between individuals and there is great phenotypic variability because, despite the nearly complete penetrance, this disorder has a variable expression[3]. We hereby present a rare case of TSC-LAM with skin, kidney, liver, retroperitoneum, inferior mediastinum, and lung involvement.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 32-year-old woman was admitted to hospital with a 2 wk history of a productive cough.

History of present illness

The patient produced white foamy sputum that began 2 wk ago.

History of past illness

The patient was diagnosed with multiple renal angioleiomyolipomas in 2002 when she was 14 years old. In 2002 and 2008, she had multiple renal angioleiomyolipomas excised (Figure 1). After she was pregnant and had a cesarean section in 2013, cutaneous facial angiofibroma developed (Figure 2). In 2016, she was hospitalized for chylothorax. Bilateral pulmonary nodules were found, and thoracic surgery was performed (Table 1).

Figure 1 Pathology of the renal angioleiomyolipoma (hematoxylin-eosin staining). The patient had multiple renal angioleiomyolipomas excised in 2002 and 2008. Magnification: × 800.

Figure 2 Facial angiofibroma developed after the patient was pregnant in 2013.

Table 1 Timeline of the case.

Year	Summary from initial and follow-up visits	Diagnostic testing	Intervention
2002	Multiple renal angioleiomyolipomas	Ultrasonography	Angioleiomyolipoma resection
2008	Multiple renal angioleiomyolipoma	Ultrasonography	Angioleiomyolipoma resection
2013	Facial angiofibroma after pregnancy and cesarean section	None	None
2016	Chylothorax	HRCT: Bilateral pulmonary nodules	Thoracic operation
2019	TSC-LAM and pulmonary infection	HRCT; Thoracoscopic lung biopsy; High-throughput genome sequencing of peripheral blood DNA; Conventional and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography	Anti-infective symptomatic supportive treatment

HRCT: High-resolution computed tomography; LAM: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis; TSC: Tuberous sclerosis complex.

Personal and family history

The patient had no family history of similar illnesses.

Physical examination

Tachycardia, hypertension, and low breath sounds throughout the bilateral chest field were observed. There were no other significant findings.

Laboratory examinations

Thoracoscopic lung biopsy was performed. Pathology confirmed LAM, and immunohistochemistry showed human melanoma black-45 (+, sporadic), smooth muscle actin (+), Ki67 (+, 3%), and melan-A (+) (Figure 3). Furthermore, high-throughput genome sequencing of peripheral blood DNA confirmed the presence of the c.1831C>T (p.Arg611Trp) heterozygous mutation in the TSC2 gene (Figure 4).

Figure 3 Pathology of lung lymphangioleiomyomatosis (hematoxylin-eosin staining). Magnification: × 200.

Figure 4 High-throughput sequencing of peripheral blood DNA. The heterozygous mutation c.1831C>T (p.Arg611Trp) in the TSC2 gene was confirmed.

Imaging examinations

High-resolution chest computed tomography revealed interstitial changes, multiple pulmonary bullae, bilateral pulmonary nodules, and multiple fat density areas in the inferior mediastinum (Figure 5). Pulmonary function tests showed that the diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide decreased mildly (67%), forced expiratory volume in 1 s was reduced, and ratio of forced expiratory volume to forced vital capacity decreased, which contributed to severe obstructive ventilatory syndrome.

Figure 5 High-resolution chest computed tomography. Computed tomography revealed interstitial changes, multiple lytic and lucent lesions of varying sizes, bilateral pulmonary nodules, and multiple fat density areas in the inferior mediastinum.

Conventional (Figure 6) and contrast ultrasonography (Figure 7) revealed multiple high echogenic masses in the liver, kidney (bilateral), retroperitoneum, and right thorax (inferior mediastinum). The masses were diagnosed as angiomyolipomas.

Figure 6 Ultrasonography revealed multiple high echogenic masses. A: Liver; B: Right kidney; C: Retroperitoneum; D: Inferior mediastinum.

Figure 7 Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography revealed high enhancement of the masses. A: Liver; B: Right kidney; C: Retroperitoneum; D: Inferior mediastinum.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

TSC-LAM.

TREATMENT

The patient was referred for specific consultation and treatment with sirolimus after recovery of the pulmonary infection.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

The patient’s symptoms decreased after drug treatment but did not resolve completely. We followed the patient regularly during sirolimus treatment, including ultrasound and lung function evaluation every 3 mo and computed tomography every 6 mo. At the 1-year follow-up, the effects of TSC-LAM on the skin, kidneys, liver, retroperitoneum, inferior mediastinum, and lungs were still observable by imaging analyses, and nothing had changed.

DISCUSSION

LAM is a rare interstitial lung disease[4]. It has an unknown etiology and is characterized by cystic destruction of the lung caused by infiltration of smooth muscle cells. It predominantly affects women in their reproductive years. The average age at diagnosis is 41 years old[2]. The patient in this case was 32 years old, which is much younger than the average age. Although LAM is predominantly a lung disorder, extrapulmonary involvement, such as renal angiomyolipomas and retroperitoneal masses, can occur in up to 75% of cases. A rare finding of abdominal aneurysm was reported before[5].

This patient was previously diagnosed with renal angiomyolipomas but no pulmonary involvement was documented until 2016. Angiomyolipomas or lymphangioleiomyomas of the inferior mediastinum, liver, and retroperitoneum were observed during the patient’s most recent hospitalization. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with mediastinum lymphangioleiomyomas associated with TSC-LAM or sporadic LAM. The conventional and contrast ultrasonography imaging of the inferior mediastinum masses were similar to the renal angiomyolipoma imaging. The pathogenesis of mediastinum lymphangioleiomyomas in LAM may be similar to the mechanism of retroperitoneal lymphangioleiomyoma pathogenesis, but further research is needed to confirm this hypothesis.

The prognosis of patients with TSC-LAM is poor. Respiratory insufficiency and death often occurs within 5 years from onset of symptoms, while positive management of the disease and its complications would improve the long-term survival of these patients. The patient in this case accepted a complete evaluation first, and then received a specific consultation and treatment with sirolimus after recovery of her pulmonary infection.

CONCLUSION

The diagnosis of TSC-LAM in this patient was multisystemic. Affected organs included the skin, kidneys, liver, retroperitoneum, mediastinum, and lungs. This is the first reported case of a patient with a mediastinum lymphangioleiomyoma associated with TSC-LAM. High-resolution chest computed tomography and ultrasonography are critical to detect abnormalities, which may require specific treatment to prevent disease progression and poor outcomes.