AWGS2019 vs EWGSOP2 for diagnosing sarcopenia to predict long-term prognosis in Chinese patients with gastric cancer after radical gastrectomy

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Sarcopenia is a nutrition-related disease and has a profound effect on the long-term overall survival (OS) of patients with gastric cancer. Its diagnostic criterion is critical to clinical diagnosis and treatment. However, previous research reported widely differing sarcopenia prevalence due to different criteria. AWGS2019 and EWGSOP2 are the two latest and widely adopted criteria.

AIM

To compare the effects of AWGS2019 and EWGSOP2 on the long-term OS of Chinese gastric cancer patient after radical gastrectomy.

METHODS

An observational study was conducted from July 2014 to January 2017, which included 648 consecutive gastric cancer patients who underwent radical gastrectomy. The sarcopenia elements (skeletal muscle index, handgrip strength, and gait speed) were measured within 1 mo or 7 d before surgery. The patients were followed at fixed intervals to gain the outcomes. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to determine the association between sarcopenia and the long-term OS of these patients according to the two criteria separately. The predictive performance of the models with AWGS2019 and EWGSOP2 were evaluated by the concordance index (C-index) and area under the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The Akaike information criterion (AIC) was applied to compare model fits.

RESULTS

The prevalence of sarcopenia was 20.5% and 11.3% according to AWGS2019 and EWGSOP2, respectively. Sarcopenia was an independent risk factor for the long-term OS no matter based on AWGS2019 or EWGSOP2, but AWGS2019-sarcopenia in multivariate model had a higher hazard ratio (HR) [2.150 (1.547-2.988)] than EWGSOP2-sarcopenia [HR 1.599 (1.092-2.339)]. Meanwhile, the model with AWGS2019-sarcopenia [C-index 0.773 (0.742-0.804); AIC 2193.7; time-dependent AUC 0.812 (0.756-0.867) for 1-year OS, 0.815 (0.778-0.852) for 3-year OS, and 0.809 (0.759-0.859) for 5-year OS] had better predictive power and model fits than the model with EWGSOP2-sarcopenia [C-index 0.762 (0.729-0.795); AIC 2215.2; time-dependent AUC 0.797 (0.741-0.854) for 1-year OS, 0.804 (0.767-0.842) for 3-year OS, and 0.799 (0.748-0.850) for 5-year OS].

CONCLUSION

Sarcopenia is an independent risk factor for the long-term OS in Chinese gastric cancer patients undergoing radical gastrectomy. The prediction model with AWGS2019-sarcopenia has better predictive power and model fits than the prediction model with EWGSOP2-sarcopenia. AWGS2019 may be more appropriate for diagnosing sarcopenia in these Chinese patients than EWGSOP2.

Key Words: Sarcopenia; Gastric cancer; EWGSOP2; AWGS2019; Chinese patients

Core Tip: Stomach cancer is an important contributor to the global burden of cancer, especially to Asian countries, while sarcopenia is a nutrition-related disease and has a profound effect on patients with gastric cancer. Early diagnosis of sarcopenia may contribute to improving the prognosis of these patients. Even though a significant difference between Asian people and European people, EWGSOP2 is more widely adopted than AWGS2019 in Asian countries. This study is the first to determine which method is more appropriate for Chinese patients and may guide Asian clinicians to make clinical decision based on our own criterion.

INTRODUCTION

Gastric cancer is the sixth leading type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide[1]. Surgical resection is currently the primary option for early-stage patients. However, radical gastrectomy is often associated with an unsatisfactory clinical prognosis, especially for malnutrition patients. Nutrition-related disease “sarcopenia” is characterized by skeletal muscle mass and/or quality and/or strength decline, and has been recognized for its profound effect on human health, which occurs with aging and/or immobility[2]. Several studies found that sarcopenia was an independent risk factor for the long-term survival in gastric cancer patient[3]. From these studies, we found extensively differing sarcopenia prevalence due to various criteria.

To standardize definition and diagnosis, in 2010 the EWGSOP published the first guidelines[4]. In order to address ethnic differences in anatomy (about height and weight) and lifestyle, AWGS2014 put forward their diagnostic criterion[5]. Nowadays, the latest versions EWGSOP2 and AWGS2019 are the two extensively adopted criteria. These two standards have different diagnostic procedures and cut-off points. To our knowledge, the European criterion is more widely applied than the Asian criterion, even in Asian country. The study of AWGS2019 vs EWGSOP2 for diagnosing sarcopenia in Chinese patients with gastric cancer after radical gastrectomy has not been reported.

Considering that the diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia are critical to clinical diagnosis and treatment, we conducted this study to confirm the effect of the two up-to-date sarcopenia criteria from AWGS and EWGSOP on the long-term overall survival (OS) of Chinese gastric cancer patient after radical gastrectomy, with an aim to determine which method is more appropriate for Asian patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients

From July 2014 to January 2017, consecutive gastric cancer patients who had undergone elective radical gastrectomy at the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University were identified and relevant patient data were maintained in a prospectively collected database. The inclusion criteria were: (1) Received elective radical surgery for gastric cancer; (2) postoperative histologically confirmed gastric carcinoma; and (3) available abdominal computed tomography (CT) images within 1 mo before surgery. The exclusion criteria were: (1) Cancer metastasis; (2) remnant gastric cancer; and (3) motor system diseases that make patients unable to complete the measurement of grip strength and gait speed. All the surgery procedures were performed routinely following the Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2010 (version 3)[6]. This study was approved by the Ethical Review Board of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (No. 2014063).

Muscle assessment

Abdominal CT was performed routinely for all the patients within 1 mo before surgery, and the CT films were stored in the Picture Archiving and Communication System. Lumbar vertebra (L3) muscle area was evaluated on a single image at CT workstation (GE ADW 4.5) with tissue specific HU thresholds of -29 to 150. All the images analyses were performed by two independent trained radiology residents who were blinded to relevant clinical information. Entire muscle areas were normalized by the square of stature and are reported as lumbar skeletal muscle index (SMI, cm²/m²). Low SMI was defined according to EWGSOP2 (< 32 cm²/m² for women and < 41.6 cm²/m² for men) and AWGS2019 (< 34.9 cm²/m² for women and < 40.8 cm²/m² for men) separately[7,8].

Muscle strength and physical performance

Hand-grip strength had an advantage of simple measurement and was extensively utilized to assess muscle strength, which had a moderate correlation with strength of other body compartments. Hand-grip strength of the dominant hand was measured with an electronic hand dynamometer (EH101; Camry, Guangdong Province, China). Low hand-grip strength was defined according to EWGSOP2 (< 16 kg for women and < 27 kg for men) and AWGS2019 (< 18.0 kg for women and < 28.0 kg for men) separately[2,9].

Six-meter usual walking speed test was chosen to measure physical performance. The observer instructed patients to walk as usual from standing position behind the starting line. Timing started from the first foot movement and ended with first foot crossed the finish line of 6 m. Low gait speed was defined < 1.0 m/s according to AWGS2019[9].

These two tests were conducted three times on hospitalized patients within 7 d before surgery, and the maximum value would be recorded.

Diagnosis of sarcopenia

AWGS2019-sarcopenia diagnosis required documentation of both of low muscle mass (L3-SMI, < 34.9 cm²/m² for women and < 40.8 cm²/m² for men) and either low muscle strength (Hand-grip strength, < 18.0 kg for women and < 28.0 kg for men) or low physical performance (6-m usual walking speed, < 1.0 m/s). EWGSOP2-sarcopenia diagnosis was suspected in the presence of low muscle strength (hand-grip strength, < 16 kg for women and < 27 kg for men) and confirmed by documentation of reduced muscle mass (L3-SMI, < 32 cm²/m² for women and < 41.6 cm²/m² for men). Figure 1 exhibits the diagnostic process[2,9].

Figure 1 AWGS2019 and EWGSOP2 criteria for the diagnosis of sarcopenia.

Data collection

The following data were prospectively collected when the patient was enrolled in this study: (1) Preoperative social and disease characteristics, including age, gender, body mass index (BMI), albumin, hypertension, diabetes, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade, and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI); (2) surgery and tumor details, including laparoscopy-assisted surgery, surgery duration, type of resection, extent of lymph node dissection, anastomosis, TNM stage; and (3) postoperative outcomes, including duration of hospital stay, postoperative complications (within 30 d after surgery), readmission (within 30 d after discharge), and time to flatus.

Follow-up

All patients received routine reviews within 30 d after surgery. In the first 2 years, follow-up investigations were scheduled every 3 mo. Thereafter, telephone interviews or outpatient visits were performed every 6 mo. OS was calculated from the date of surgery to the death date of any cause. The last follow-up date was January 2020.

Statistical analysis

Continuous normally distributed and homogeneous variables were compared using the analysis of t-test. For continuous, non-normally distributed or non-homogeneous variables, the Manne Whitney U test was performed. The chi-square test or Fisher exact test was conducted on categorical data. Survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan Meier method and compared using log-rank tests. Univariate Cox regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between the long-term OS and variables and compute the hazard ratios (HRs) of all potential baseline predictors. Once two or more remaining features after univariate analyses were correlated (Pearson’s correlation coefficient > 0.80), the feature with the smaller P-value would be retained[10]. Variables with a trend (P < 0.10) in the univariate analysis were selected to be evaluated through multivariable Cox regression analysis using forward stepwise selection (P < 0.05) to confirm the relationship between sarcopenia and the long-term OS. Multivariable COX regression survival models with significant predictors were developed. The Harrell concordance index (C-index) and area under the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated for the models which could be interpreted as the measure of the model’s predictive performance[11,12]. The Akaike information criterion (AIC) was calculated to compare model fits. Higher C-index and time-dependent AUC indicates better predictive performance, while lower AIC indicates better model. All the analyses were performed using SPSS statistics version 25.0 or R version 3.6.3.

RESULTS

Initially, 683 consecutive patients met the inclusion criteria. Due to palliative surgery, physical deformities, or being unwilling to participate in the study, 35 patients were excluded. Finally, 648 participants were included in the analyses. The median age of the patients was 64.3 ± 10.9 years, and the majority were men (male:female ratio = 3:1).

AWGS2019 vs EWGSOP2

Based on AWGS2019, the prevalence of sarcopenia was 20.5% (133/648), while the prevalence was 11.3% (73/648) according to EWGSOP2. To intuitively reveal the impacts of the revised diagnostic criteria, we compared the clinical parameters for AWGS2019-sarcopenia patients with EWGSOP2-sarcopenia patients (Table 1). Compared with AWGS2019-sarcopenia patients, EWGSOP2-sarcopenia patients had a higher percentage of males (P = 0.018). The two groups were comparable in terms of age, BMI, albumin, ASA grade, CCI, and other characteristics.

Table 1 Comparisons between patients with EWGSOP2 and AWGS2019.

Factor	AWGS2019 (n = 133)	EWGSOP2 (n = 73)	P value
Age	71.4 ± 8.8	73.3 ± 8.2	0.121
Gender, n (%)			0.018a
Female	42 (31.6)	12 (16.4)
Male	91 (68.4)	61 (83.6)
BMI	20.4 ± 2.6	20.0 ± 2.5	0.303
Albumin	35.9 ± 4.6	34.8 ± 4.3	0.098
Hypertension, n (%)			0.539
No	93 (69.9)	54 (74.0)
Yes	40 (30.1)	19 (26.0)
Diabetes, n (%)			0.908
No	114 (85.7)	63 (86.3)
Yes	19 (14.3)	10 (13.7)
ASA grade, n (%)			0.239
I	8 (6.0)	4 (5.5)
II	94 (70.7)	44 (60.3)
III	31 (23.3)	25 (34.2)
CCI	5 (5-6)	5 (5-6)	0.109
Operative duration	205.5 ± 55.9	195.0 ± 42.9	0.166
TNM stage, n (%)			0.806
I	23 (17.3)	11 (15.1)
II	28 (21.1)	18 (24.7)
III	82 (61.7)	44 (60.3)
Laparoscopic surgery, n (%)			0.494
No	116 (87.2)	66 (90.4)
Yes	17 (12.8)	7 (9.6)
Type of resection, n (%)			0.922
Subtotal	72 (54.1)	39 (53.4)
Total	61 (45.9)	34 (46.6)
Anastomosis method, n (%)			0.881
B1	41 (30.8)	25 (34.2)
B2	27 (20.3)	14 (19.2)
RY	65 (48.9)	34 (46.6)
Lymph node dissection, n (%)			0.073
D1	18 (13.5)	4 (5.5)
D2	115 (86.5)	69 (94.5)
Differentiation, n (%)			0.438
Differentiated	30 (22.6)	20 (27.4)
Undifferentiated	103 (77.4)	53 (72.6)
Total complications, n (%)	40 (30.1)	25 (34.2)	0.538
Pneumonia	17 (12.8)	10 (13.7)	0.852
Leakage	5 (3.8)	3 (4.1)	0.901
Wound infection	4 (3.0)	2 (2.7)	0.913
Intestinal obstruction	3 (2.3)	1 (1.4)	0.659
Gastrointestinal dysfunction	6 (4.5)	4 (5.5)	0.757
Intra-abdominal infection	7 (5.3)	5 (6.8)	0.642
Intra-abdominal hemorrhage	4 (3.0)	3 (4.1)	0.676
Venous thrombosis	2 (1.5)	1 (1.4)	0.939
First time to flatus	4 (3-5)	4 (3-6)	0.594
Hospital stay	16 (12-21)	16 (12-22)	0.566
Readmission within 30 d	8 (6.0%)	3 (4.1%)	0.561

^aP < 0.05. BMI: Body mass index; CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.

The median follow-up time was 1630 d. According to AWGS2019, 1-year (365 d), 3-year (1095 d), and 5-year (1825 d) OS rates were 74.4% (0% censored), 51.1% (0% censored), and 13.5% (30.8% censored), respectively, among patients with sarcopenia, and 94.6% (0% censored), 80.6% (0% censored), and 21.7% (56.1% censored) in patients without sarcopenia. According to EWGSOP2, 1-year (365 d), 3-year (1095 d), and 5-year (1825 d) OS rates were 75.3% (0% censored), 53.4% (0% censored), and 15.1% (30.1% censored), respectively, among patients with sarcopenia, and 92.3% (0% censored), 77.2% (0% censored), and 20.5% (53.6% censored) in patients without sarcopenia.

Kaplan Meier analyses showed that no matter based on AWGS2019 (Figure 2A) or EWGSOP2 (Figure 2B), sarcopenia patients experienced a significantly shorter OS than patients without sarcopenia (log-rank, P < 0.001). A multivariate Cox model revealed that AWGS2019-sarcopenia [HR, 2.150 (1.547-2.988), P = 0.001], TNM stage {II/I [HR, 1.660 (0.887-3.108), P = 0.113]; III/I [HR, 4.751 (2.753-8.200), P = 0.001]}, anastomosis method {B2/B1 [HR, 1.414 (0.904-2.210), P = 0.129]; RouY/B1 [HR, 1.614 (1.109-2.348), P = 0.012]}, histologic type [HR, 1.899 (1.263-2.856), P = 0.002], and two postoperative complications {pneumonia [HR, 1.990 (1.222-3.241), P = 0.006] and leakage [HR, 3.018 (1.557-5.853), P = 0.001]} were independently associated with poorer OS (P < 0.05), while the other variables (age, BMI, albumin, ASA grade, CCI, operation duration, laparoscopic surgery, type of resection, total complications, intestinal obstruction, and hospital stay) were excluded due to no statistical difference (P > 0.05). When we replaced AWGS2019-sarcopenia with EWGSOP2-sarcopenia, EWGSOP2-sarcopenia remained in the model [HR, 1.599 (1.092-2.339), P = 0.016] (Table 2). The HR of EWGSOP2-sarcopenia and AWGS2019-sarcopenia was 1.599 (1.092-2.339) and 2.150 (1.547-2.988), respectively.

Figure 2 Kaplan-Meier curves for overall survival in patients with or without sarcopenia. A: AWGS2019; B: EWGSOP2.

Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analyses for predictors of disease-free survival.

Factor	Univariable analysis		Multivariate analysis
			AWGS2019		EWGSOP2
	HR (95%CI)	P value	HR (95%CI)	P value	HR (95%CI)	P value
AWGS2019	3.311 (2.470-4.439)	0.001b	2.150 (1.547-2.988)	0.001b
EWGSOP2	2.566 (1.803-3.651)	0.001b			1.599 (1.092-2.339)	0.016a
Age	1.036 (1.021-1.051)	0.001b
Gender
Male/female	1.038 (0.745-1.448)	0.824
BMI	0.934 (0.890-0.980)	0.005b
Albumin	0.930 (0.904-0.957)	0.001b
Hypertension
Yes/No	1.290 (0.948-1.755)	0.105
Diabetes
Yes/No	0.765 (0.476-1.229)	0.268
ASA grade
II/I	1.301 (0.773-2.190)	0.323
III/I	2.402 (1.366-4.225)	0.002b
CCI	1.288 (1.146-1.448)	0.001b
Operative duration	1.003 (1.001-1.006)	0.017a
TNM stage
II/I	2.494 (1.349-4.610)	0.004b	1.660 (0.887-3.108)	0.113	1.636 (0.872-3.067)	0.125
III/I	8.093 (4.825-13.574)	0.001b	4.751 (2.753-8.200)	0.001b	4.968 (2.876-8.582)	0.001b
Laparoscopic surgery
Yes/No	0.463 (0.306-0.700)	0.001b
Type of resection
Total/Subtotal	1.864 (1.400-2.481)	0.001b
Anastomosis method
B2/B1	2.571 (1.672-3.954)	0.001b	1.414 (0.904-2.210)	0.129	1.423 (0.911-2.223)	0.122
RouY/B1	2.747 (1.920-3.390)	0.001b	1.614 (1.109-2.348)	0.012a	1.600 (1.100-2.328)	0.014a
Lymph node dissection
D2/D1	1.036 (0.693-1.548)	0.864
Histologic type
Undifferentiated/differentiated	2.756 (1.855-4.095)	0.001b	1.899 (1.263-2.856)	0.002b	1.972 (1.309-2.970)	0.001b
Total complications	1.678 (1.221-2.307)	0.001b
Pneumonia	2.574 (1.601-4.137)	0.001b	1.990 (1.222-3.241)	0.006b	1.935 (1.184-3.163)	0.008b
Leakage	3.325 (1.757-6.292)	0.001b	3.018 (1.557-5.853)	0.001b	3.339 (1.722-6.476)	0.001b
Wound infection	1.171 (0.435-3.153)	0.755
Intestinal obstruction	2.159 (0.888-5.252)	0.090
Gastrointestinal dysfunction	0.982 (0.484-1.994)	0.960
Intra-abdominal infection	1.410 (0.767-2.594)	0.269
Intra-abdominal hemorrhage	0.888 (0.365-2.160)	0.794
Venous thrombosis	0.997 (0.410-2.425)	0.995
First time to Flatus	1.101 (1.050-1.154)	0.001b
Hospital stay	1.026 (1.017-1.035)	0.001b
Readmission within 30 d	1.601 (0.929-2.759)	0.090

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01. BMI: Body mass index; CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

The C-index for AWGS2019-sarcopenia model was 0.773 (0.742-0.804), the AIC was 2193.7, and the time-dependent AUC was 0.812 (0.756-0.867), 0.815 (0.778-0.852), and 0.809 (0.759-0.859), respectively, for 1-year, 2-year, and 5-year OS. For EWGSOP2-sarcopenia model, the C-index was 0.762 (0.729-0.795), the AIC was 2215.2, and the time-dependent AUC was 0.797 (0.741-0.854), 0.804 (0.767-0.842), and 0.799 (0.748-0.850), respectively, for 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year OS. The higher C-index (P < 0.001), the lower AIC, and the higher time-dependent AUC of AWGS2019-sarcopenia model reflected a more accurate model in predicting the long-term OS than EWGSOP2-sarcopenia model (Figure 3).

Figure 3 The higher the concordance index (P < 0.001), the lower the Akaike information criterion, and the higher area under time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve of AWGS2019-sarcopenia model reflects a more accurate model in predicting the long-term overall survival than EWGSOP2-sarcopenia model. A: Concordance index for overall survival in patients with AWGS2019 and EWGSOP2; B-D: Time-dependent area under time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve for overall survival in patients with AWGS2019 and EWGSOP2 at 1 year (B), 3 years (C), and 5 years (D). AUC: Area under the curve; ROC: Receiver operating characteristic; C-index: Concordance index.

DISCUSSION

In recent years, the quantity of cancer patients has been rising, especially in the rapidly aging population[13]. The morbidity of gastric cancer patients ranks third in China and seems to be much higher than the world average, while advanced gastric cancer accounts for a considerable proportion. Hypermetabolism (decreased muscle strength and muscle depletion) inevitably occurs in tumor patients. In such case, substantial cancer patients are accompanied by an age-associated muscle disease, namely, sarcopenia[14]. Multiple cancer studies indicated that sarcopenia was independently interrelated to poor long-term prognosis, such as gastric, hepatic, colorectal, gynecologic, and pancreatic carcinomas[15-18]. As our results exhibited, sarcopenia was a significant predictor of the long-term OS, thus preoperative detection of sarcopenia may help implement clinical interventions for improving the long-term OS. Despite racial and physical similarities, the wide-ranging prevalence of sarcopenia in Asian studies was caused by different diagnostic algorithms. The present observational study was the first to compare the effect of sarcopenia diagnosed by AWGS2019 and EWGSOP2 on the long-term OS of Chinese gastric cancer patients after radical gastrectomy.

In comparison with EWGSOP1, the most remarkable change of EWGSOP2 was that low muscle strength was used to replace low muscle mass, because low muscle strength was recognized to be a more powerful predictor of increased functional limitations, longer hospital stays, poorer health-related quality of life, and death[2,19]. Several studies indicated that hand-grip strength correlated moderately with overall muscle strength, physical fitness, and health status[20-25]. According to these findings, muscle strength seemed to be the prerequisite of physical functioning and should be deemed as the primary diagnostic feature for sarcopenia. In our clinical center, hand-grip strength is routinely measured. Considering its quick, simple, and highly reproducible measure, hand-grip strength could serve as a reliable surrogate instead of more complicated measures of arm or leg strength[26].

Unlike radical change of EWGSOP2 from EWGSOP1, AWGS2019 was slightly revised from AWGS2014. The sarcopenia diagnosis algorithm remains the same. Diagnosing sarcopenia requires low muscle quality and quantity, while diagnosing severe sarcopenia requires patients with low muscle mass, low muscle strength, and low physical performance simultaneously. The discrepancy between the new version and the old one was the cut-offs of muscle strength and physical performance. Numerous published and unpublished data of hand-grip strength from East and Southeast Asia communities have been available since AWGS2014 was proposed. AWGS2019 suggested that low muscle strength diagnostic cutoffs were < 18.0 kg for women and < 28.0 kg for men[27]. Gait speed, as the most frequently used assessment of the physical performance, was intensely correlated with the onset of disability, severe mobility limitation, and mortality[28-32]. Gait speed < 1 m/s could independently predict cognitive decline, dementia risk, frailty, and functional disability[33,34]. Several relevant Asian sarcopenia data exhibited a similar lowest quintile for gait speed (< 1 m/s). Therefore, AWGS2019 increased the cut-off of low gait speed from 0.8 m/s to < 1.0 m/s.

Cross-sectional abdominal CT scans were routinely applied for assessing gastric tumors before surgery. CT is currently considered the non-invasive gold standard for muscle quantity/mass assessment[35]. In particular, CT images of a lumbar vertebra (L3) correlated significantly with whole-body muscle mass[14,36]. Along with the deep-going research, skeletal muscle mass was no more sufficient to represent the unique parameter for diagnosing sarcopenia. And some researchers pointed out that when coming to defining sarcopenia in cancer surgery research, the investigators should focus on muscle function and physical performance as well as muscle mass[37]. Therefore, muscle strength and physical performance were important components of sarcopenia according to EWGSOP2[2,4]. Martin et al[38] and Prado et al[39] had proposed their own cut-off values for muscle mass which were now widely used, and especially, these values were based on Canadian patients. Compared with Eastern populations, Western populations generally have a higher BMI and larger physique. These factors rendered that these values were unsuitable for direct application in Asian populations and should be modified based on ethnicity and tumor type[15,40].

The latest version EWGSOP2 and AWGS2019 criteria have some substantial differences, for example, muscle strength is the precondition of sarcopenia diagnosis in EWGSOP2, while muscle mass occupies the same status in AWGS2019. And the cut-offs of each component are slightly different. Moreover, comparing the two versions of sarcopenia criteria, the model with AWGS2019-sarcopenia seemed to have better predictive power for survival than the model with EWGSOP2-sarcopenia [C-index 0.773 (0.742-0.804) vs 0.762 (0.729-0.795)]. The prevalence of sarcopenia with AWGS2019 was 20.5%, 9.3% higher than that of EWGSOP2. AWGS2019-sarcopenia also led to a greater HR in the multivariate model than EWGSOP2-sarcopenia [HR 2.150 (1.547-2.988) vs 1.599 (1.092-2.339)]. These results suggested that the updated definition and diagnosis of sarcopenia by AWGS2019 are more suitable for Chinese gastric cancer patients and could improve the predictive ability of the long-term OS.

This observational study of the data revealed that sarcopenia diagnosis with any version of criteria had a negative effect on the long-term OS in gastric cancer cases. Our results highlighted the requirement of proper sarcopenia assessment for particular individuals as it had potential to predict the long-term OS and affected future clinical decision making. What’s more, the model with sarcopenia defined by AWGS2019 had better predictive power on the long-term OS than the model with EWGSOP2 in Chinese patients with gastric cancer after radical gastrectomy. In the future, the clinical interventions according to these criteria require further evaluation in prospective clinical trials.

The present study inevitably has some limitations. First of all, our conclusions were drawn from single-center patients with gastric cancer. The prognostic significance of sarcopenia established here needs further validation in other centers. Second, although the 3 years following surgery is a period with high mortality risk for gastric cancer patients, the applied follow-up period in the study (median follow-up time: 1630 d) seems not long enough and the longer-term OS with sarcopenia requires further verification. Moreover, surgeons often treated sarcopenia patients with high protein treatment prior to surgery due to poor nutritional status in sarcopenia patients. These individual nutritional interventions may diminish the effect of sarcopenia on the long-term OS.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, sarcopenia based on both criteria is an independent risk factor for the long-term OS in Chinese gastric cancer patients undergoing radical gastrectomy. The prediction model with AWGS2019-sarcopenia has better predictive power and model fits than the prediction model with EWGSOP2-sarcopenia. AWGS2019 may be more appropriate for diagnosing sarcopenia in these Chinese patients than EWGSOP2. Surgeons should be aware of the importance of sarcopenia and pay close attention to the nutrition of these patients. Corresponding clinical interventions to ameliorate the effect of sarcopenia on the long-term OS need further evaluation in prospective clinical trials.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

Sarcopenia is a nutrition-related disease and has a profound effect on the long-term overall survival (OS) of patients with gastric cancer. Previous studies reported widely differing sarcopenia prevalence due to different criteria. AWGS2019 and EWGSOP2 are two latest and extensively adopted criteria.

Research motivation

To compare the effects of these two criteria on the long-term OS of Chinese gastric cancer patient after radical gastrectomy.

Research objectives

To determine which method for diagnosing sarcopenia is more appropriate for Chinese gastric cancer patient after radical gastrectomy.

Research methods

An observational study was conducted from July 2014 to January 2017. Multivariate cox regression analysis was performed to determine the association of sarcopenia according to these two criteria separately with the long-term OS of these patients. The predictive performance of the models with AWGS2019 and EWGSOP2 was evaluated using the concordance index and area under the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve. The Akaike information criterion was used to compare model fits.

Research results

Sarcopenia was an independent risk factor for the long-term OS no matter based on AWGS2019 or EWGSOP2, but AWGS2019-sarcopenia in multivariate model had a higher hazard ratio than EWGSOP2-sarcopenia. Meanwhile, the model with AWGS2019-sarcopenia had better predictive power and model fits than the model with EWGSOP2-sarcopenia.

Research conclusions

Sarcopenia based on both criteria is an independent risk factor for the long-term OS in Chinese patients undergoing radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer. The prediction model with AWGS2019-sarcopenia has better predictive power and model fits than the prediction model with EWGSOP2-sarcopenia. AWGS2019 may be more appropriate for diagnosing sarcopenia in these Chinese patients than EWGSOP2.

Research perspectives

Surgeons should be aware of the importance of sarcopenia and pay close attention to the nutrition of these patients. Corresponding clinical interventions to ameliorate the effect of sarcopenia on the long-term OS need further evaluation in prospective clinical trials.