Massive hemorrhagic ascites: A rare presentation of eosinophilic gastroenteritis

Abstract

According to Klein’s classification system, the symptomatology of eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EG), a rare disease, differs based on the affected tissue layer. Patients with subserosal EG often have peritoneal effusion. Hemorrhagic ascites due to EG is extremely rare and has not been reported in the literature. Here, we report a 57-year-old woman with EG and massive hemorrhagic ascites. Laboratory investigations showed elevated peripheral eosinophils with significant eosinophilia (65.6%). Ultrasonography showed massive abdominal ascites. Abdominal paracentesis revealed hemorrhagic peritoneal fluid and microscopy showed predominant eosinophils. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed erosions, exudates, and mucosal rings in the duodenal mucosa; histological examination indicated eosinophilic infiltration. EG presenting with hemorrhagic ascites was diagnosed by histologic examination of eosinophilic infiltration. She was empirically treated with ketotifen 1 mg bid po with rapid resolution of ascites and a remarkable decline in peripheral eosinophil counts. Clinicians should consider the differential diagnosis of unexplained hemorrhagic ascites.

Key Words: Hemorrhagic ascites; Eosinophilic infiltration; Eosinophilic gastroenteritis

Core tip: Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EG) with ascites is extremely rare. We report a 57-year-old woman with EG and massive hemorrhagic ascites who underwent endoscopy and abdominal paracentesis. Differential diagnoses included other causes of tissue eosinophilia. The patient was in good condition 1 year after drug therapy with no recurrence of ascites and gastrointestinal symptoms. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a rare case of massive hemorrhagic ascites in EG. Clinicians should consider the differential diagnosis of unexplained hemorrhagic ascites, especially in patients with gastrointestinal mucosa lesion, peripheral eosinophilia, and ascites.

INTRODUCTION

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EG) is a rare gastrointestinal disorder characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract wall with various gastrointestinal manifestations[1]. Ascites due to EG is an exceedingly uncommon diagnosis in the medical literature[2]. Currently, there are no reports of massive hemorrhagic ascites due to EG in the literature. Here, we present a rare case of EG with hemorrhagic ascites and discuss the clinical characteristics and differential diagnosis.

CASE REPORT

A 57-year-old woman presented with a history of upper abdominal pain and distention for 5 mo. She had no parasitic infestations, allergic diseases, signs and symptoms of eosinophil-mediated tissue injury, and personal or family history of gynecologic malignancy. Various treatment modalities including proton pump inhibitor, antibiotics, and antispasmodics could not relieve her symptoms. The patient was transferred to our hospital for further evaluation and treatment. On physical examination, the abdomen was distended and tender with diffusely shifting dullness present and slight upper abdominal tenderness; there was no sign of rebound tenderness. Laboratory investigations showed the following values: Hgb, 119 g/dL; PLT, 343 k/mL; WBC, 12.8 k/mL; differential: segmentonuclear neutrophils, 10.0%; lymphocytes, 21.2%; monocytes, 2.7%; eosinophils, 65.6%. Serum electrolytes, coagulation studies, and thyroid tests were normal. Parasitic infestation was excluded by repeated negative stool examinations. Chest X-ray examination and ECG were negative. Abdominal ultrasonography showed massive ascites without any organ abnormalities, including the uterus and ovaries. Abdominal paracentesis revealed 1.8 L of hemorrhagic peritoneal fluid with a low serum albumin-ascitic gradient. Microscopy showed abundant white cell counts in the fluid, which were predominantly eosinophils. The ascitic fluid cytology was negative for malignancy, and cultures were negative for acid-fast bacilli, and bacterial and fungal infections. For diagnostic purposes, endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract was performed, which showed erosions, exudates, and mucosal rings in the duodenal mucosa (Figure 1A). Simultaneously, the rectal mucosal exhibited erosions, hyperemia, and swelling on colonoscopy (Figure 1B). Colonoscopy examination revealed no lesions in the proximal colon and the ileum. Biopsies were taken from the duodenal lesion. Histological examination demonstrated characteristic histological findings of eosinophilic infiltrate at approximately 25 eosinophils per high power field in the duodenal mucosa (Figure 2). The patient was negative for Helicobacter pylori determined using 13C-urea breath testing. Unfortunately, there was no pathological examination of the rectal lesions. Computed tomography (CT) imaging also showed peritoneal fluid, but, more importantly, an accompanying local mild thickening of the right rear rectum wall (Figure 3).

Figure 1 Endoscopic examination. A: Endoscopic view of the duodenal mucosa shows erosions, exudates, and mucosal rings; B: Endoscopic examination revealed erosions, hyperemia, and swelling of the rectal mucosal.

Figure 2 Histological examination demonstrates histological findings of eosinophilic infiltration of the duodenal mucosa (HE × 200).

Figure 3 Radiological images of the abdomen. A: Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen shows massive ascites (arrow); B: Abdominal CT shows accompanied local mild thickening of the right rear rectum wall (arrow).

Based on our findings and taking into account possible differential diagnoses, we diagnosed the patient with EG characterized by simultaneous mucosal involvement of the duodenum and serosal involvement of the rectum, which rarely presents with massive hemorrhagic ascites. Since the patient refused steroid treatment, ketotifen 1 mg bid po was administered for 1 mo and the patients rapidly responded with a complete resolution of ascites after 2 wk. Moreover, there was a remarkable decline in peripheral eosinophil counts. The patient recovered well and was free from gastrointestinal symptoms and had no recurrence of ascites during the 1-year follow-up period.

DISCUSSION

EG is a rare gastrointestinal disorder that can present with varying abdominal symptoms such as protein-losing enteropathy, luminal obstruction, and eosinophilic ascites, depending on eosinophilic infiltration into one or more layers and the affected site of the gastrointestinal tract[3]. This disorder was originally described in 1937 by Kaijser[4]. The Klein classification is widely used to classify patients with EG into three clinical forms based on the affected tissue layer: mucosal, muscle, and subserosal[5]. The mucosal form is the most common and presents with abdominal pain, nausea, and protein-losing enteropathy. The muscle form is the second most common and presents with typical symptoms of obstruction. The serosal form is the rarest of the types. Eosinophilic ascites, a high peripheral eosinophil count, and prompt response to steroid therapy are the hallmarks of the serosal form[6]. Rarely, patients can be diagnosed simultaneously with mucosal and subserosal EG.

EG diagnosis is based on the following three clinical criteria: The presence of nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms; the presence of gastrointestinal eosinophilic infiltrates; and the exclusion of other causes of tissue eosinophilia[7]. Endoscopic findings may also include various manifestations, such as mild erythema, thickened mucosal, and frank ulceration[8,9]. The definite diagnosis of EG is established by demonstrating eosinophilic infiltration on endoscopic, laparoscopic, or laparotomic biopsies. Laparoscopic or laparotomic biopsies are only required if the disease process is confined to the muscle or subserosal layer. Endoscopic ultrasound, abdominal CT, and barium studies documenting the presence of localized or general thickening of the gastrointestinal wall, and gastric outlet obstruction, or ascites can be significant clues to the differential diagnosis of EG[10]. In the present patient, EG was diagnosed after excluding the possibilities of malignancy, parasitic disease, and autoimmune disease.

To our knowledge, this is the first report of a rare case of massive hemorrhagic ascites in EG. We believed that our patient may have the type of EG characterized by simultaneous mucosal and serosal involvement, based on the following satisfied criteria: (1) presence of gastrointestinal symptoms, such as upper abdominal pain and distention; (2) biopsies demonstrating eosinophilic infiltration of the duodenum and ascites concurrently, and CT findings with ascites and mild thickening of the rectum; and (3) no evidence of parasitic or extra-intestinal disease. Our case is distinguished from other causes of hemorrhagic ascites, such as peritoneal tuberculosis, cirrhosis with ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), or pancreatic ascites[11] for the following reasons. There were no symptoms or evidence of tuberculosis poisoning in this patient. The ascitic fluid cultures were negative for acid-fast bacilli. Thus, tuberculous peritonitis was excluded in this case. There was no evidence of chronic liver disease in this patient. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy did not reveal varices. The ascitic fluid cytology was negative for malignancy. Ultrasonography and CT of the abdomen only showed massive ascites without any organ abnormalities, including the liver. Cirrhosis with ruptured HCC could therefore be excluded. Normal amylase and lipase were observed in this patient. Abdominal CT did not reveal peripancreatic inflammatory changes, necrosis, and pseudocyst bulging. Pancreatic ascites was thus excluded. Finally, the diagnosis of EG presenting with hemorrhagic ascites was confirmed. She was empirically treated with ketotifen 1 mg bid po with rapid resolution of ascites. Moreover, there was a remarkable decline in peripheral eosinophil counts.

The pathophysiology of hemorrhagic ascites of EG is unknown, but the widely held belief is that it is a consequence of EG. With the poor understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of EG, there is currently no standard treatment. However, prednisone is usually selected for management[12]. While most studies have shown up to 90% response rate to prednisone[13], other recent reports have indicated much lower success, at only 50%[14]. EG is recognized as a chronic inflammatory disorder, and most patients require ongoing treatment. It is difficult to sustain therapy with such medications as there is a risk of serious side effects including growth retardation, diabetes, and osteoporosis[15].

Many therapeutic modalities with better safety profiles have been proposed. Therapeutic options include dietary modification and steroid-sparing agents, such as leukotrienes inhibitors, mast cells stabilizers, and anti-histamines. If specific food allergens are suspected or confirmed based on allergic evaluations, dietary therapy should be considered. Dietary measures were predominantly considered in the setting of mucosal disease. The efficacy of dietary therapy in muscular and serosal EG types showed weaker linkage to food allergy[16]. The efficacy of montelukast is controversial for EG; it has shown success as an alternative therapy for minor diseases and as a long-term maintenance treatment[17], while it showed no efficacy in cases with severe, long-standing complicated EG[18]. The effectiveness of sodium cromoglycate in treating EG is not well established. Some patients with EG have obtained significant benefits from sodium cromoglycate[19]. However, individual reports have shown no efficacy for unknown reasons[20]. Ketotifen is a second-generation H1 class of antihistamine agent that is known to modulate the release of mast cell mediators and possibly impair eosinophil migration to target organs. There are limited evidence-based studies on ketotifen treatment in patients with EG. The few reports in the literature concerning its use in EG have shown significant clinical response in patients[21], but it showed no efficacy in some cases[22]. Individual reports of success with sodium cromoglycate and ketotifen therapy have been published[23]. Surgical treatment should only be considered in patients refractory to medical management, or stenotic lesions[24].

After the diagnosis of EG, we initially recommended steroid therapy. However, the patient refused this therapy. Thus, we chose ketotifen, a safe alternative therapy. Our patient responded satisfactorily to ketotifen. There was a marked improvement with normalization of eosinophil count and rapid decrease in ascitic fluid production. During the follow-up period of 1 year, the patient remained asymptomatic, without ascites or hypereosinophilia. We successfully treated our patient with ketotifen initially. However, the effectiveness of ketotifen in treating EG requires further validation.

In conclusion, despite the rarity of EG with massive hemorrhagic ascites, clinicians should consider the differential diagnosis of unexplained hemorrhagic ascites, especially in patients with gastrointestinal mucosa lesion, peripheral eosinophilia, and ascites.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Case characteristics

A 57-year-old woman was admitted for upper abdominal pain and distention.

Clinical diagnosis

Physical examination revealed the abdomen was distended and tender diffusely with shifting dullness present and slight upper abdominal tenderness.

Differential diagnosis

Peritoneal tuberculosis, cirrhosis with ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma, or pancreatic ascites were considered.

Laboratory diagnosis

Laboratory investigations showed elevated peripheral eosinophil with significant eosinophilia (65.6%).

Imaging diagnosis

Ultrasonography showed massive abdominal ascites. Computed tomography imaging also showed peritoneal fluid, but, more importantly, an accompanied local mild thickening of the right rear rectum wall.

Pathological diagnosis

Histological examination demonstrated characteristic histological findings of mild eosinophilic infiltration into the duodenal mucosa.

Treatment

She was empirically treated with ketotifen 1 mg bid po.

Related reports

This is the first report of a rare case of massive hemorrhagic ascites in EG.

Term explanation

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is a rare gastrointestinal disorder characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract wall with various gastrointestinal manifestations.

Experiences and lessons

Clinicians should consider the differential diagnosis of unexplained hemorrhagic ascites.