Eosinophilic solid and cystic renal cell carcinoma with aggressive behavior: Two case reports

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Eosinophilic solid and cystic (ESC) renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a unique and emerging subtype of RCC, has an indolent nature; in some rare instances, it may exhibit metastatic potential. Current cases are inadequate to precisely predict the clinical outcome of ESC RCC and determine treatment choices.

CASE SUMMARY

Herein, we report two patients with ESC RCC. Patient 1 was a young woman with classical pathological characteristics. Patient 2 was a 52-year-old man with multifocal metastases, involving the pulmonary hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes, liver, brain, mesosternum, vertebra, rib, femur, and symphysis pubis. Awareness of ESC RCC, along with its characteristic architecture and immunophenotype, would contribute to making a definitive diagnosis, even on core biopsy samples.

CONCLUSION

The discovery of ESC RCC molecular signatures may provide new therapeutic strategies in the future.

Key Words: Eosinophilic solid and cystic renal cell carcinoma; Solid and cystic growth pattern; CK20; TSC1 mutations; TSC2 mutations; Case report

Core Tip: Most patients with eosinophilic solid and cystic (ESC) renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have an indolent nature, but 8 cases have exhibited metastatic potential. In this study, we made a clear diagnosis in 2 cases of ESC RCC, including a case with multifocal metastases, by pathological microscopy, immunohistochemistry, next-generation sequencing, or whole exome sequencing analysis, which played a crucial role in clinical treatment. Usually, ESC RCC has a solid and cystic growth pattern, a voluminous eosinophilic cytoplasm with coarse basophilic stippling, is CK20 positive and has TSC1/2 mutations.

INTRODUCTION

Eosinophilic solid and cystic (ESC) renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a recently described novel renal tumor entity; it was initially reported in 2016 by Trpkov et al[1]. It has unique morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features, and is currently one of the new renal tumor subtypes included in the World Health Organization (WHO) 2022 classification of renal neoplasia; however, approximately 74 cases of ESC RCC have been reported so far, of which 8 were metastatic lesions[1-18].

In the initial investigation, all tumors occurred in female patients. The age range of the patients in the study was 14 to 79 years, and tumor sizes varied from 5 to 205 millimeters. Epidemiologically, ESC RCC often presents without symptoms and is incidentally diagnosed through imaging, typically as a solid and cystic mass. Surgical resection has proven to be curative for the majority of cases. Notably, one patient diagnosed with hematogenous liver metastases responded favorably to mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway inhibitors, achieving a complete response and maintaining disease remission for a decade since the initial diagnosis[6]. Morphologically, the tumor has a cystic and solid growth structure; the tumor cells have shown an abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm, eosinophilic or basophilic particles are often observed in the cytoplasm. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) suggested that the tumor was frequently positive for CK20 and commonly harbored TSC1/2 mutations.

Herein, we report two patients with ESC RCC: A young woman with classical pathological characteristics (case 1) and a 52-year-old man with multifocal metastases in the pulmonary hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes, liver, brain, mesosternum, vertebra, rib, femur, and symphysis pubis (case 2).

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

Case 1: A 33-year-old Chinese woman presented to the urology clinic with the complaint of a suspicious mass in the right kidney for more than 3 months, found during routine annual examination.

Case 2: A 52-year-old Chinese man presented to the chest pain clinic with the complaint of right chest pain for more than 3 months.

History of present illness

Case 1: A suspicious renal mass was detected by ultrasonography during a routine annual examination more than 3 months ago.

Case 2: The patient experienced left upper arm pain more than 3 months ago due to falling while riding a bicycle, and then gradually developed right chest pain.

History of past illness

Case 1: The patient had a history of uterine leiomyoma and had undergone myomectomy 7 years ago.

Case 2: The patient had a history of hypertension for more than 5 years.

Personal and family history

Both patients denied any family history of malignant tumors.

Physical examination

On physical examination, no abnormalities were found in the two patients.

Laboratory examinations

Case 1: No abnormalities were found on routine blood and urine analyses.

Case 2: Levels of serum tumor markers were normal. No abnormalities were found on routine blood and urine analyses.

Imaging examinations

Case 1: Ultrasonography revealed a hypo-echoic mass, 3 cm × 2.4 cm in size, on the middle right kidney. Subsequent magnetic resonance imaging in the middle abdomen showed that a 3.1 cm × 1.8 cm nodular, well-circumscribed mass, protruding from the renal capsule; thus, a tentative diagnosis of malignancy was made.

Case 2: Computed tomographic imaging on the pectoral, abdominal and cranial regions revealed an 11.5-cm renal mass and multiple metastases. These multifocal metastases included the pulmonary hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes, liver, brain, mesosternum, 10^th thoracic vertebra, right 1^st and 5^th ribs, 4th lumbar spine, upper part of the right femur, and left symphysis pubis.

MULTIDISCIPLINARY EXPERT CONSULTATION

Case 1: The resected renal tumor specimen showed a 3 cm × 2 cm × 2 cm well-circumscribed, soft, tan-yellow, cystic and solid mass protruding from the renal capsule that was completely excised. Histopathological examination revealed that the mass was composed of eosinophilic cells that grew into macrocysts, microcysts, and a solid pattern, with no true papillary formation and no prominent vascular network (Figure 1A). The tumor cells had round nuclei with prominent focal nucleoli, an abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm with prominent fine or coarse basophilic granular cytoplasmic stippling (Figure 1B), and eosinophilic cytoplasmic globules (Figure 1C). The tumor cells lining the septa showed a hobnail arrangement (Figure 1D), and focal intracytoplasmic vacuoles were observed (Figure 1E). Tumor necrosis, substantial mitotic activity, and perinuclear clearing were not observed. Clusters of foamy histiocytes and lymphocytes were also identified in background samples. IHC demonstrated the presence of PAX8 (nuclear; strong and diffuse), CK20 (cytoplasmic; strong and focal (Figure 1F), succinate dehydrogenase B (SDHB) (cytoplasmic; strong and diffuse), fumarate hydratase (FH) (cytoplasmic; strong and diffuse), vimentin (cytoplasmic; strong and diffuse), and P504S (cytoplasmic; strong and focal) but the absence of CK7, CD10, CAIX, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), CD117, lymphoma kinase (ALK), human elanoma black 45 (HMB-45), Melan-A, and Desmin. Transcription factor binding to IGHM enhancer 3 (TFE3)/transcription factor EB (TFEB) was negative on IHC and in situ hybridization. Next-generation sequencing of nephrectomy specimens showed a frame shift mutation in exon 7 of TSC2 [c.601del (p.M201fs)] and a splicing region mutation in exon 12 of TSC2 (c.1257+5G>A).

Figure 1 Images of hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunostaining in case 1. A: Low-power microscopic examination revealed eosinophilic solid and cystic renal cell carcinoma (ESC RCC) with cystic and solid architecture; B: The tumor cells had abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm with prominent fine or coarse basophilic granular cytoplasmic stippling; C: Eosinophilic cytoplasmic globules; D: The tumor cells lining the septa showed a hobnail arrangement; E: Focal intracytoplasmic vacuoles were observed; F: CK20 expression in ESC RCC cells.

Case 2: A fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the liver was performed. The tumor cells were arranged in an acinar-like, microcyst, and pseudo-papillary pattern; cells lining septa had a hobnail morphology (Figure 2A). The cells exhibited a voluminous eosinophilic cytoplasm with various sizes of basophilic granular stippling (Figure 2B). Patchy tumor necrosis, substantial mitotic activity, and round to ovoid nuclei with conspicuous nucleoli were observed. Results of immunostaining indicated the presence of PAX8 (nuclear; strong and diffuse), CK20 (cytoplasmic; strong and scattered (Figure 2C), SDHB (cytoplasmic; strong and diffuse), FH (cytoplasmic; strong and diffuse), vimentin (cytoplasmic; strong and diffuse), P504S (cytoplasmic; weak and diffuse), and EMA (cytoplasmic; weak and focal) but the absence of RCC, CK7, CD10, CAIX, CD117, ALK, TFE3, TFEB, HepPar1, Arginase-1, Glypican-3, and alpha-fetoprotein. The whole exome sequencing analysis of this patient identified somatic deleterious mutations (insertion mutations) in TSC1.

Figure 2 Images of hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunostaining in case 2. A: Tumor cells were arranged in an acinar-like, microcyst, and pseudo-papillary pattern, and cells lining septa had a hobnail morphology; B: The cells exhibited a voluminous eosinophilic cytoplasm with various sizes of basophilic granular stippling; C: Immunohistochemical staining for CK20.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

Case 1: The final diagnosis was ESC RCC.

Case 2: Combined with the patient’s medical history, the final diagnosis was liver metastatic ESC RCC.

TREATMENT

Case 1: Renal tumor resection was performed.

Case 2: The patient abandoned treatment due to multiple systemic metastases.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

Case 1: Tumor progression was not detected within 40 months of follow-up.

Case 2: Due to the patient giving up treatment, follow-up information was not available.

DISCUSSION

ESC RCC was initially reported in 2016 by Trpkov et al[1]. They described a class of eosinophilic tumors with cystic and solid structures, and the morphology was highly similar to that of TSC-associated RCC. However, the patient did not have TSC. Because the morphological characteristics and immunophenotype of such tumors are difficult to include in the existing WHO classification of renal tumors, they are often diagnosed as “unclassified renal cell carcinoma” or descriptively diagnosed as “unclassified renal tumors with eosinophilic features”. The authors evaluated 16 patients with this tumor type and proposed that this may be an independent type of kidney cancer. Its common characteristics were summarized as follows and used as the diagnostic criteria: (1) Solid and cystic or mixed growth structure, hobnail arrangement of cells lining the septa, with absence of a capsule; (2) eosinophilic, voluminous cytoplasm with granular stippling, round to oval nuclei, and prominent nucleoli; (3) scattered foamy histiocytes, lymphocytes, and multinucleated cells; (4) positive immunohistochemical CK20 features and negative for CK7; and (5) no history of TSC. In 2017, Trpkov et al[1]. reported 19 patients with ESC RCC, who exhibited the molecular characteristics of this tumor[2]. In the first two reports, all tumors developed in female patients[1,2]. Subsequent cases were reported in individual male patients, but the majority of patients were women[3-18]. The age of onset ranged from 14 to 79 years, and the tumor sizes ranged from 5 to 205 mm. Approximately 16% of patients (12 cases/74 cases) had multifocal tumors. The patients were usually diagnosed at an early stage and had a good prognosis. To date, eight patients have been diagnosed with metastatic lesions. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the PAX8+/CK20+/CK7− phenotype was the most common, but some cases are CK20− (approximately 20%) or CK7+ (approximately 16%, always focal). The tumors showed SDHB and FH expression, and were usually positive for CD10, P504S, Melan-A and cathepsin K, but some cases were negative. HMB-45 was occasionally positive, whereas CA9, CD117, TFE-3, TFEB and ALK were almost always negative. Most patients exhibited TSC1/TSC2 mutations, indicating that ESC RCC is closely associated with TSC gene dysfunction. This information is summarized in Supplementary Table 1.

Palsgrove et al[6] confirmed that of 15 ESC RCC patients, 14 had pathogenic mutations in the TSC 1 and TSC 2 genes. Mehra et al[8] evaluated seven patients with ESC RCC and demonstrated that the TSC 1 and TSC 2 genes have biallelic dysfunction, leading to the loss of inhibition and activation of the downstream mTOR signaling pathway. Munari et al[15] found four ESC RCC patients with TSC1 mutations (germline confirmed in one case) and one patient with a sporadic case. Although patients do not present systemic syndromes as the TSC gene dysfunction only occurs in the tumor tissues, the pathogenesis and signaling pathway changes in ESC RCC are similar to those of TSC-related renal cancer.

Palsgrove et al[6] found that 62.5% of ESC RCC patients expressed cathepsin K, and the rate of cathepsin K expression was up to 78% in all ESC RCC patients published. In addition, approximately 80% of ESC RCC patients published were positive for Melan-A. Since the inhibition of mTOR signaling can suppress cathepsin K expression in osteoclasts, cathepsin K expression may be upregulated in ESC RCC owing to activation of the mTOR signaling pathway. MiT family translocation-related renal cancer is also associated with activation of the mTOR signaling pathway, and is often accompanied by the expression of cathepsin K and the pigment markers Melan-A and HMB-45, which are widely used in the adjuvant diagnosis of MiT family kidney cancer. We speculate that ESC-RCC and MiT family translocation-related RCC have co-activated signaling pathways and can express cathepsin K, therefore, pigment markers may also be expressed simultaneously. This result further supports the molecular pathogenesis of ESC RCC while providing effective immune markers for differential diagnosis.

Moreover, due to activation of the mTOR signaling pathway in tumors, the mTOR pathway inhibitor rapamycin can be used not only for the treatment of TSC-related renal cancer but also for the targeted therapy of ESC RCC. One patient with ESC-RCC reported by Palsgrove et al[6] achieved complete remission 8 years after treatment with mTOR inhibitors.

The differential diagnoses of ESC-RCC included epithelioid angiomyolipoma (EAML) and other renal tumors with eosinophilic cytoplasm: (1) EAML is characterized by overlaps in two clinical, imaging, morphological, immunophenotype, and molecular features. EAML also has mutations in the tumor suppressor genes TSC 1 and TSC 2, especially TSC 2 gene defects, which may explain the intersection of the two immunophenotypes. ESC RCC has solid and cystic regions of variable size, whereas EAML is rare for such a morphology. The detection of CK20 and PAX8 expression can assist in the differential diagnosis; and (2) other renal tumors with eosinophilic cytoplasm include clear cell RCC with eosinophilic changes, chromophobe RCC, TFE3-rearranged RCC, TFEB-altered RCC, SDH-deficient RCC, FH-deficient RCC, ALK-rearranged RCC, eosinophilic vacuolated tumor, low-grade oncocytic renal tumor, oncocytoma of the kidney, and other renal tumors with large-cell polygonal eosinophilic cytoplasm[19]. It is not difficult to distinguish each tumor by typical morphological features, immunohistochemical characteristics and molecular test results. IHC primarily identified the expression of CK20 and other immunophenotype combinations, such as oncocytoma and chromophobe RCC were CD117+/CK20-, whereas ESC RCC was positive for CK20 expression. CK20 can be expressed in TFEB-amplified/translocated RCC, showing overlapping morphological and immunohistochemical features with ESC RCC[17]. Also, in our daily studies, CK20 was also expressed in TFE3-rearranged cell carcinoma. Diffuse, consistent, and strong positive nuclear staining of TFE-3/TFE-B via IHC or molecular detection of TFE3/TFEB can assist in their identification.

CONCLUSION

Although most patients with ESC RCC have an indolent nature, nine patients demonstrated aggressive behavior. Herein, we report two patients with ESC RCC, a unique and emerging subtype of RCC. Awareness of this recent tumor entity, along with its characteristic architecture and immunophenotype, would contribute to making a definitive diagnosis, even on core biopsy samples. The discovery of these molecular signatures may provide new therapeutic strategies in the future.