Anti-programmed cell death ligand 1-based immunotherapy in recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus and metastasis: Three case reports

Figure 1 Computed tomography images of inferior vena cava tumor thrombus before and after a second surgery. A: Acquired before surgery showed the existence of an inferior vena cava tumor thrombus that protruded into the right atrium (orange arrow); B: Acquired after surgery showed that the tumor thrombus was removed (white arrow).

Figure 2 Computed tomography images of inferior vena cava tumor thrombus and lung and splenic metastases. A and B: Acquired before surgery showed the existence of inferior vena cava tumor thrombus (orange arrows); C: Acquired before immunotherapy showed the existence of lung metastases; D: Acquired after immunotherapy showed that the lung metastases were stable; E: Acquired before immunotherapy showed the existence of a splenic metastasis (orange arrow); F: Acquired after immunotherapy showed that the splenic metastasis was smaller (orange arrow).

Figure 3 Computed tomography images of inferior vena cava tumor thrombus. A and B: The inferior vena cava tumor thrombus (IVCTT) before surgery (orange arrows); C and D: The IVCTT after two courses of immunotherapy (orange arrows).

Figure 4 Computed tomography images of lung metastases and mediastinal lymph node metastases before and after immunotherapy. A and C: Acquired before immunotherapy showed the existence of lung metastases (arrows); B and D: Acquired after immunotherapy showed that the lung metastases had disappeared (arrows); E: Acquired before immunotherapy showed the existence of mediastinal lymph node metastases (white arrow); F: Acquired after immunotherapy showed that the mediastinal lymph node metastases became smaller (orange arrow).