Intracerebroventricular opiate infusion for refractory head and facial pain

Figure 1 Intraoperative computed tomography of the head demonstrates intraventricular placement of the pump catheter (Patient 6).

Figure 2 Preoperative visual analogue scale pain scores ranged from 6-10 out of 10 (average 7. 8 ± 0.5). Post-operative visual analogue scale (VAS) scores at > 3 mo following opioid pain pump placement were significantly lower (P < 0.001 vs Post-op), ranging 0-5 out of 10 (average 2.7 ± 0.4).