Awake robotic lumbar decompression and fusion: A case report

Figure 1 Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging demonstrating bilateral subarticular recess and central canal stenosis. A: Sagittal view; B: Axial view.

Figure 2 Preoperative thin-cut computed tomography. A: Sagittal view; B: Axial view.

Figure 3 Preoperative hardware planning. A: Sagittal trajectory; B: Axial trajectory at L4; C: Anteroposterior view; D: Axial trajectory at L5.

Figure 4 Spinal anesthesia in the sitting position with the spinal needle at the L3-L4 level. The patient monitor in the background displays real-time vital signs, illustrating active awake intraoperative monitoring.

Figure 5 Patient preparation. A: Skin marking; B: Patient positioning and surgical site preparation.

Figure 6 Intraoperative registration. A: Three-dimensional marker; B: Lateral spinal-level confirmation; C: Anteroposterior spinal-level confirmation.

Figure 7 Surgical hardware placement. A: Drill guide; B: Cortical screw tapping.

Figure 8 Hardware placement radiographs. A: Intraoperative anteroposterior view; B: Intraoperative lateral view; C: Postoperative anteroposterior view; D: Postoperative lateral view.