Investigating the causal associations between five anthropometric indicators and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Mendelian randomization study

Figure 1 The study design of causal associations between anthropometric indicators and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; MR: Mendelian randomization; IVW: The inverse variance weighting method; MR-PRESSO: The Mendelian randomization pleiotropy residual sum and outlier; MVMR: Multivariable Mendelian randomization; SNPs: Single nucleotide polymorphisms; HC: Hip circumference; WC: Waist circumference; WHR: Waist-to-hip ratio; BMI: Body mass index; BF: Body fat percentage; adj BMI: Adjusting body mass index. Drawing by Figdraw (https://www.figdraw.com/).

Figure 2 Forest plot of causal associations of anthropometric indicators on the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. A: Forest plot of causal associations of anthropometric indicators (discovery dataset) on the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (United Kingdom biobank); B: Forest plot of causal associations of anthropometric indicators (discovery dataset) on the risk of NAFLD (FinnGen); C: Forest plot of causal associations of anthropometric indicators (replication dataset) on the risk of NAFLD (United Kingdom biobank); D: Forest plot of causal associations of anthropometric indicators (replication dataset) on the risk of NAFLD (FinnGen); E: Causal associations of waist circumference on the risk of NAFLD after adjusting for body mass index and smoking. HC: Hip circumference; WC: Waist circumference; WHR: Waist-to-hip ratio; BMI: Body mass index; BF: Body fat percentage; NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; SNPs: Single nucleotide polymorphisms; OR: Odds ratio.