Effect of pesticides on phosphorylation of tau protein, and its influence on Alzheimer’s disease

Figure 1 Pesticide effect on phosphorylation in tau. Exposure to pesticides organochlorine, organophosphate, carbamate, pyrethroid and neonicotinoid alters the balance of enzymatic activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) and protein phosphatase-2A (PP2A). Especially the increase of GSK-3β and the decrease of PP2A favors tau hyperphosphorylation and the formation of neurofibrillary tangle which induce the activation of microglia and neuroinflammations. Created with Biorender.com. OCs: Organochlorine; OPs: Organophosphate; Cs: Carbamate; Ps: Pyrethroid; Ns: Neonicotinoid; GSK-3β: Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; PP2A: Protein phosphatase-2A; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IL: Interleukin.