Isolated left ventricular apical hypoplasia: Systematic review and analysis of the 37 cases reported so far

Figure 1 PRISMA flow diagram.

Figure 2 Echocardiographic scan. A: Echocardiographic scan (4-chamber view) of the patient’s truncated left ventricle in diastole; B: Echocardiographic scan (4-chamber view) of the patient’s truncated left ventricle in systole; C: Enhanced contrast echocardiographic image (2-chamber view) showing that the right ventricle wraps around the deficient LV apex.

Figure 3 Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. A: deficient non apex forming left ventricle; B: Axial view showing the anomalous origin of the papillary muscles in the flattened left ventricular apex; C: Sagittal view showing the right ventricle wrapping around the hypoplastic left ventricular apex.