Ultrasound-guided paravertebral nerve block anesthesia on the stress response and hemodynamics among lung cancer patients

Figure 1 Trend diagram of mean arterial pressure, heart rate and partial pressure of oxygen for different time periods. A: Mean arterial pressure; B: Heart rate; C: Partial pressure of oxygen. The time periods are shown on the horizontal axis. T0: Baseline time; T1: 15 min after anesthesia; T2: After induction of intubation; T3: 5 min after skin incision; T4: Before extubation; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; HR: Heart rate; SpO₂: Partial pressure of oxygen.

Figure 2 Between-group comparison of the pre- and postoperative stress response indices. A: Levels of adrenaline, B: Levels of norepinephrine; C: Levels of dopamine.

Figure 3 Between-group comparison of the pre- and postoperative inflammatory response markers. A: Levels of tumor necrosis factor-α; B: Levels of interleukin-6. TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-6: Interleukin-6.