Methodological strategies for mapping HLA susceptibility loci in vitiligo: A focused minireview

Figure 1 Overview of HLA typing techniques. GWAS: Genome-wide association studies; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; SSP: Sequence-specific primer; SSO: Sequence-Specific oligonucleotide; RFLP: Restriction fragment length polymorphism; SBT: Sequence-based typing; NGS: Next-generation DNA sequencing.

Figure 2 Overview of the key steps involved in identifying HLA susceptibility loci in vitiligo using genome-wide association studies. The process includes population selection, genotyping, quality control, population stratification adjustment, association testing, fine-mapping of significant loci, particularly within the HLA class I and class II regions, and replication study. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid; mRNA: Messenger ribonucleic acid; QC: Quality control; SNPs: Single nucleotide polymorphisms; HLA: Human leukocyte antigen.