Effect of pentoxifylline on inflammatory markers in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease patients: A prospective, interventional, open label

doi:10.5527/wjn.120037

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World Journal of Nephrology

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2220-6124

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Randomized Controlled Trial

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Nephrol. Sep 25, 2026; 15(3): 120037
Published online Sep 25, 2026. doi: 10.5527/wjn.120037

Table 1 Demographic data and vital signs of the studied groups, n (%) or mean ± SD

		Group 1 (n = 21)	Group 2 (n = 21)	t value¹	P value
Age (year)		52.476 ± 6.720	50.667 ± 8.593	0.760	0.452
Sex	Male	11 (52.38)	12 (57.14)	χ² = 0.096	0.757
Sex	Female	10 (47.62)	9 (42.86)	χ² = 0.096	0.757
Vital signs
SBP	Baseline	153.095 ± 17.991	146.905 ± 17.922	1.117	0.271
	After 6 months	142.857 ± 11.019	140.000 ± 12.247	0.795	0.431
	Differences	-10.238 ± 16.239	-6.905 ± 18.873
	Paired test	0.009^a	0.109
DBP	Baseline	77.143 ± 5.141	79.762 ± 5.585	-1.581	0.122
	After 6 months	75.952 ± 6.637	78.571 ± 6.353	-1.306	0.199
	Differences	-1.190 ± 9.862	-1.190 ± 8.201
	Paired test	0.586	0.514
MAP	Baseline	102.419 ± 7.284	102.114 ± 7.801	0.131	0.897
	After 6 months	98.214 ± 5.438	99.014 ± 5.588	-0.470	0.641
	Differences	-4.205 ± 9.373	-3.100 ± 10.251
	Paired test	0.053	0.181

^aP value < 0.05.

¹Students’ t-test.

SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; MAP: Mean arterial pressure.

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Table 2 Laboratory tests of the studied groups, mean ± SD

		Group 1 (n = 21)	Group 2 (n = 21)	t value¹	P value
BUN (mg/dL)		39.762 ± 4.158	43.238 ± 4.098	-2.729	0.009^a
Cr (mg/dL)		1.447 ± 0.068	1.486 ± 0.091	0.000	1.000
Na (meq/L)		139.429 ± 3.789	138.381 ± 4.642	0.801	0.428
K (meq/L)		4.448 ± 0.368	4.343 ± 0.379	0.909	0.369
Ca (mg/dL)		8.743 ± 0.578	8.700 ± 0.483	0.261	0.795
PO₄ (mg/dL)		4.810 ± 0.397	4.657 ± 0.514	1.074	0.289
PTH (pg/mL)		107.190 ± 8.675	105.095 ± 7.842	0.821	0.416
Hb (gm/dL)		11.114 ± 0.795	11.286 ± 0.857	-0.672	0.506
WBCs (× 10³/μL)		7.048 ± 1.024	7.048 ± 0.740	0.000	1.000
Platelet (× 10³/μL)		273.714 ± 65.293	303.524 ± 86.458	-1.261	0.215
hs-CRP (mg/L)	Baseline	3.071 ± 0.898	4.790 ± 0.774	-6.644	< 0.001^a
	After 6 months	3.119 ± 0.789	2.510 ± 0.744	2.575	0.014^a
	Differences	0.048 ± 1.172	-2.281 ± 1.114
	Paired test	0.854	< 0.001^a
UPCR (mg/mg)	Baseline	372.381 ± 28.444	388.571 ± 14.243	-2.332	0.025^a
	After 6 months	193.333 ± 26.520	150.000 ± 18.439	6.148	< 0.001^a
	Differences	-179.048 ± 22.114	-238.571 ± 25.157
	Paired test	< 0.001^a	< 0.001^a
eGFR (mL/minute/1.73 m²)	Baseline	51.048 ± 7.625	50.714 ± 7.163	-0.146	0.885
	After 6 months	51.667 ± 4.282	52.381 ± 4.566	0.523	0.604
	Differences	0.619 ± 6.704	1.667 ± 7.358
	Paired test	0.677	0.312
TNF-α (ng/L)	Baseline	174.762 ± 69.326	174.524 ± 70.156	0.011	0.991
	After 6 months	77.429 ± 28.046	66.286 ± 25.767	1.341	0.188
	Differences	-97.333 ± 43.510	-108.238 ± 44.983
	Paired test	< 0.001^a	< 0.001^a

^aP value < 0.05.

¹Students’ t-test.

BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; Cr: Creatinine; Na: Sodium; K: Potassium; Ca: Calcium; PO₄: Phosphorus; PTH: Parathyroid hormone; WBC: White blood cell; Hb: Haemoglobin; hs-CRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; UPCR: Urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha.

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Table 3 Correlation among tumour necrosis factor-alpha and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and participants’ age, blood pressure and laboratory parameters of the studied groups

	TNF-α (ng/L) after 6 months				hs-CRP (mg/L) after 6 months
	r value¹ (group 1)	P value (group 1)	r value¹ (group 2)	P value (group 2)	r value¹ (group 1)	P value (group 1)	r value¹ (group 2)	P value (group 2)
Age	0.100	0.667	-0.052	0.823	0.238	0.298	0.128	0.579
SBP after 6 months	0.072	0.756	0.304	0.180	0.237	0.302	0.049	0.832
DBP after 6 months	0.078	0.738	0.318	0.160	0.082	0.723	0.145	0.530
MAP after 6 months	0.112	0.629	0.020	0.933	0.094	0.685	0.073	0.754
Laboratory parameters
Hb (gm/dL)	-0.040	0.864	0.101	0.663	0.327	0.148	-0.102	0.659
WBCs (× 10³/μl)	0.487	0.025^a	0.083	0.720	-0.113	0.627	0.172	0.457
Platelet (× 10³/μl)	-0.127	0.585	-0.063	0.786	0.043	0.852	0.242	0.291
BUN (mg/dL)	0.262	0.250	0.301	0.186	0.364	0.105	-0.206	0.371
Cr (mg/dL)	0.477	0.029^a	0.579	0.006^a	0.143	0.535	-0.185	0.423
Na (meq/L)	0.115	0.619	-0.071	0.761	0.102	0.658	0.222	0.334
K (meq/L)	-0.279	0.222	0.193	0.402	-0.397	0.075	0.117	0.613
Ca (mg/dL)	-0.269	0.238	-0.100	0.666	-0.365	0.104	0.454	0.039^a
PO₄ (mg/dL)	0.126	0.586	0.041	0.861	0.269	0.239	0.005	0.983
Intact PTH (pg/mL)	0.104	0.655	0.179	0.439	-0.326	0.150	-0.184	0.424
hs-CRP (mg/L) after 6 months	0.223	0.331	0.143	0.537	-	-	-	-
UPCR (mg/g) after 6 months	0.110	0.634	0.084	0.717	0.236	0.304	-0.120	0.604
eGFR (mL/minute/1.73 m²) after 6 months	-0.134	0.562	-0.440	0.046^a	-0.057	0.805	-0.062	0.789

^aP value < 0.05.

¹Pearson coefficients.

SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; Cr: Creatinine; Na: Sodium; K: Potassium; Ca: Calcium; PO₄: Phosphorus; PTH: Parathyroid hormone; WBC: White blood cell; Hb: Haemoglobin; hs-CRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; UPCR: Urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha.

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Table 4 Relation between tumour necrosis factor-alpha and C-reactive protein with patients’ gender in both groups, mean ± SD

		Sex		t value¹	P value
		Male	Female	t value¹	P value
Group 1	TNF-α (ng/L) after 6 months	73.273 ± 23.230	82.000 ± 33.226	-0.703	0.490
Group 1	hs-CRP (mg/L) after 6 months	2.836 ± 0.707	3.430 ± 0.789	-1.818	0.085
Group 2	TNF-α (ng/L) after 6 months	63.000 ± 24.812	70.667 ± 27.848	-0.665	0.514
Group 2	hs-CRP (mg/L) after 6 months	2.642 ± 0.765	2.333 ± 0.721	0.937	0.361

¹Students’ t-test.

hs-CRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha.

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Table 5 Correlation among change in tumour necrosis factor-alpha over the 6 months of the study period and the change in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, estimated glomerular filtration rate, urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio and creatinine

	TNF-α (ng/L) change
	r value¹ (group 1)	P value (group 1)	r value¹ (group 2)	P value (group 2)
eGFR (mL/minute/1.73 m²)	-0.040	0.863	-0.012	0.959
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.063	0.785	0.023	0.920
hs-CRP (mg/L)	0.050	0.828	0.037	0.874
Urinary protein creatinine ratio (mg/mg)	0.102	0.662	0.223	0.331

¹Pearson coefficients.

eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; hs-CRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha.

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Table 6 Multiple regression of change in urinary protein creatinine ratio and change of mean arterial pressure, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and estimated glomerular filtration rate, respectively, in group 2 over 6 months

	Unstandardized coefficients		t value	P value
	β	SE	t value	P value
MAP	-1.933	0.896	-2.159	0.046^a
hs-CRP (mg/L)	-2.909	4.734	-0.614	0.548
eGFR (mL/minute/1.73 m²)	-1.711	1.239	-1.381	0.186
TNF-α (ng/L)	-0.223	0.123	-1.817	0.088

^aP ≤ 0.05.

MAP: Mean arterial pressure; hs-CRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha.

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Citation: Abd El Mobdy AH, Hebah HA, Ezzat MA, Eid Mohamed BA, Ahmed FA. Effect of pentoxifylline on inflammatory markers in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease patients: A prospective, interventional, open label. World J Nephrol 2026; 15(3): 120037
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-6124/full/v15/i3/120037.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5527/wjn.120037

Abd El Mobdy AH, Hebah HA, Ezzat MA, Eid Mohamed BA, Ahmed FA. Effect of pentoxifylline on inflammatory markers in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease patients: A prospective, interventional, open label. World J Nephrol 2026; 15(3): 120037 [DOI: 10.5527/wjn.120037]

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