Ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block for perioperative analgesia in laparoscopic nephrectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of included randomized controlled trial, mean ± SD

Ref.	Total number of patients	Number of patients in each group		Age		Gender (male/female)		BMI		Physical status (ASA I/II/III)		Type of PCA
		ESPB	Control	ESPB	Control	ESPB	Control	ESPB	Control	ESPB	Control
Şahin et al[23], 2022	60	30	30	57.0 ± 6.5	53.8 ± 8.9	17/13	16/14	30.6 ± 4.9	27.6 ± 3.3	N/A	N/A	Tramadol
Xu et al[28], 2023	166	83	83	66 ± 5.93	63 ± 8.89	45/38	38/45	25 ± 3.70	24 ± 2.96	9/58/16	7/62/14	Sulfentanil
Özkalayci et al[24], 2023	52	25	27	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Morphine
Onay et al[26], 2023	40	20	20	60.95 ± 8.38	55.15 ± 10.08	14/16	12/8	27.95 ± 4.08	28.4 ± 4.52	0/16/4	1/15/4	Morphine
Yang et al[25], 2024	50	23	23	52.08 ± 7.65	50.3 ± 8.59	14/9	11/12	24.5 ± 3.13	22.95 ± 2.78	2/20/1	1/21/1	N/A
Atıcı et al[22], 2024	46	20	20	52.5 ± 9.36	51.45 ± 9.36	13/7	14/6	28.35 ± 1.63	27.95 ± 3.30	6/14/0	5/15/0	Morphine
Zhang et al[27], 2024	110	55	55	53 ± 11	53 ± 9	35/20	28/27	24.8 ± 3.3	24.6 ± 3.1	20/29/6	18/28/9	Sufentanil
Özfırat et al[29], 2025	50	25	25	54.4 ± 12.1	52.4 ± 15.9	13/12	12/11	27.7± 3.7	26.4 ± 4.9	10/15/0	12/13/0	Morphine
Loganathan et al[30], 2025	69	34	35	48 ± 10	45 ± 10	8/26	4/31	N/A	N/A	10/15/0	12/13/0	Morphine

BMI: Body mass index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; PCA: Patient-controlled Analgesia; ESPB: Erector spinae plane block; N/A: Not applicable.

Table 2 Results using the risk of bias tool 2

Ref.	D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	Overall
Şahin et al[23], 2022	+	+	-	+	+	-
Xu et al[28], 2023	+	+	!	+	+	+
Özkalayci et al[24], 2023	+	+	+	+	!	+
Onay et al[26], 2023	+	+	!	+	+	+
Yang et al[25], 2024	+	+	+	+	!	+
Atıcı et al[22], 2024	+	+	+	!	+	+
Zhang et al[27], 2024	+	+	+	+	+	+
Özfırat et al[29], 2025	+	+	+	+	+	+
Loganathan et al[30], 2025	+	+	+	+	+	+

+: Low risk; !: Some concerns; -: High risk. D1: Randomization process; D2: Deviation from the intended interventions; D3: Missing outcome data; D4: Measurement of the outcome; D5: Selection of the reported result.