Cardamom extract: An effective weapon in prevention of cardiorenal syndrome induced in rats by cisplatin and high-fat diet

doi:10.5527/wjn.v14.i3.107736

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Sep 25, 2025 (publication date) through Sep 17, 2025

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World Journal of Nephrology

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2220-6124

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Nephrol. Sep 25, 2025; 14(3): 107736
Published online Sep 25, 2025. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v14.i3.107736

Table 1 HPLC of cardamom crude ethanol extract phenolic compounds profile (µg/g)

Phenolic compounds	Conc. µg/g
Gallic acid	207.79
Chlorogenic acid	120.01
Methyl gallate	59.79
Caffeic acid	191.36
Syringic acid	190.25
Rutin	125.14
Ellagic acid	12.13
Coumaric acid	190.42
Vanillin	58.03
Ferulic acid	65.67
Naringenin	71.84
Rosmarinic acid	655.69
Quercetin	76.86
Cinnamic acid	75.27
Hesperetin	71.57

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Table 2 Effect of cardamom extract on plasma lipid profile

Parameters	Normal control	Cardiorenal control	Low-dose cardamom extract	High-dose cardamom extract
T-Ch (mg/dL)	68.70^a ± 2.198	162.29^b ± 2.543	113.14^b^,^d ± 3.181	83.29^a^,^d^,^f ± 2.201
TG (mg/dL)	77.43^a ± 2.034	109.00^b ± 2.024	92.57^b^,^d ± 1.088	82.86^d^,^e ± 1.870
HDL-Ch (mg/dL)	42.86^a ± 0.885	25.43^b ± 0.369	36.14^b^,^d ± 0.738	41.71^b^,^d^,^f ± 0.944
LDL-Ch (mg/dL)	20.29^a ± 0.474	97.00^b ± 2.879	58.00^b^,^d ± 1.215	40.71^b^,^d^,^f ± 1.063
Oxidized LDL (pg/mL)	24.68^a ± 0.681	59.91^b ± 2.196	36.28^b^,^c ± 1.457	30.67^a^,^d^,^e ± 0.786

^aP < 0.01.

^bP < 0.001, statistical significance is expressed vs normal control.

^cP < 0.01.

^dP < 0.001, P values are expressed vs cardiorenal-control.

^eP < 0.01.

^fP < 0.001, P values are expressed as (Low-dose cardamom extract vs High-dose cardamom extract). Values are mean ± SE, n = 6. T-Ch: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; HDL-Ch: High density lipoprotein-Cholesterol; LDL-Ch: Low density lipoprotein-Cholesterol.

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Table 3 Effect of cardamom extract on renal biochemical parameter in plasma and urine of rats

	Normal control	Cardiorenal control	Low-dose cardamom extract	High-dose cardamom extract
	Plasma
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.59^a ± 0.012	1.44^b ± 0.049	0.98^b^,^d ± 0.028	0.77^a^,^d^,^f ± 0.024
Urea (mg/dL)	32.92^a ± 0.709	159.22^b ± 3.017	89.79^b^,^d ± 2.365	64.51^b^,^d^,^f ± 1.252
Albumin (g/dL)	3.91^a ± 0.076	2.53^b ± 0.046	3.03^b^,^d ± 0.057	3.70^d^,^f ± 0.090
BUN (mg/dL)	15.38^a ± 0.331	74.36^b ± 1.409	41.93^c ± 1.104	30.13^d ± 0.585
BUN/creatinine ratio	26.17^a ± 0.932	52.13^b ± 1.861	43.00^b^,^d ± 1.759	39.15^b^,^d^,^f ± 1.252
Total protein (g/dL)	7.73^a ± 0.062	5.31^b ± 0.075	6.30^b^,^d ± 0.098	7.19^a^,^d^,^f ± 0.114
	Urine
Creatinine (mg/dL)	37.78^a ± 0.582	52.71^b ± 1.038	46.14^b^,^c ± 1.578	40.71^d^,^e ± 0.746
Urea (mg/dL)	657.77^a ± 5.282	984.63^b ± 8.335	823.57^b^,^d ± 9.541	697.86^a^,^d^,^f ± 8.840
Protein (mg/dL)	41.94^a ± 0.921	67.29^b ± 1.246	62.57^b^,^d ± 1.268	50.00^b^,^d^,^f ± 0.898
Creatinine clerance (ml/min)	1.24^a ± 0.041	0.48^b ± 0.033	0.75^b^,^d ± 0.049	0.97^b^,^d^,^f ± 0.035

^aP < 0.01.

^bP < 0.001, statistical significance is expressed vs normal control.

^cP < 0.01.

^dP < 0.001, P values are expressed vs cardiorenal-control.

^eP < 0.01.

^fP < 0.001, P values are expressed (Low-dose cardamom extract vs high-dose cardamom extract). Values are mean ± SE, n = 6.

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Table 4 Effect of cardamom extract on nutritional parameters

Parameters	Normal control	Cardiorenal control	Low-dose cardamom extract	High-dose cardamom extract
Initial body weight (g)	170.71^a ± 2.76	170.71^a ± 2.42	170.29^a ± 0.99	170.57^a ± 2.82
Final body weight (g)	233.71^a ± 1.68	220.43^b ± 2.99	229.43^c ± 1.21	227.57^c ± 1.70
Body weight Gain (g)	63.00^a ± 2.33	49.71^b ± 2.96	59.14^c ± 1.03	57.00^c ± 1.38
Total Food intake (g)	500.00^a ± 4.49	497.14^a ± 7.46	495.00^c ± 6.44	493.57^a ± 3.57
Food Efficiency Ratio	0.13^a ± 0.005	0.10^a ± 0.007	0.12^c ± 0.002	0.12^c ± 0.002
Kidney index	0.52^a ± 0.011	0.95^b ± 0.027	0.71^b^,^d ± 0.024	0.63^a^,^d ± 0.020
Heart index	0.35^a ± 0.008	0.38^b ± 0.009	0.36^c ± 0.006	0.35^d ± 0.005

^aP < 0.01.

^bP < 0.001, statistical significance is expressed vs normal control.

^cP < 0.01.

^dP < 0.001, P values are expressed vs cardiorenal-control. Values are mean ± SE, n = 6.

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Table 5 ∆G Binding affinity (kcal/mol) for each ligand with Hippo signaling pathway proteins

Name of the ligand	MST1	LATS1	YAP	TAZ
Name of the ligand	Binding free energy (kcal/mol)
Caffeic acid	-6.9	-6.1	-5.5	-4.8
Chlorogenic	-7.6	-7.7	-6.8	-5.8
Cinnamic acid	-6.3	-6	-5.7	-4.6
Coumaric acid	-6.5	-6.1	-5.8	-4.8
Ellagic acid	-8.7	-7.7	-6	-6.3
Ferulic acid	-7	-6.3	-5.5	-4.6
Gallic acid	-5.8	-6.2	-5	-4.5
Hesperetin	-8	-7.3	-6.6	-6.3
Methyl gallate	-5.8	-5.4	-4.9	-4.4
Naringenin	-7.8	-8.1	-6.5	-6.1
Quercetin	-7.4	-8.3	-6.5	-6
Rosmarinic	-7.9	-7.2	-6.5	-6.1
Rutin	-8.3	-8.9	-7.5	-7.4
Syringic acid	-5.9	-5.4	-5	-4.2
Vanillin	-5.7	-5.2	-4.6	-3.9

MST1: Mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1, LATS1: Large tumor suppressor kinase 1, YAP: Yes-associated protein, TAZ: Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif.

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Citation: Mohamed D, Hamed I, Mabrok HB. Cardamom extract: An effective weapon in prevention of cardiorenal syndrome induced in rats by cisplatin and high-fat diet. World J Nephrol 2025; 14(3): 107736
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-6124/full/v14/i3/107736.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5527/wjn.v14.i3.107736