Structural and functional kidney abnormalities in patients with Human immunodeficiency virus infection: A cross-sectional perspective

Table 1 General characteristics of the study population, n (%)

Parameter	Frequency (n = 227)
Age (year), mean ± SD	41 ± 9.3
Gender
Male	76 (33.5)
Female	151 (66.5)
BMI
< 25 kg/m2	74 (32.6)
≥ 25 kg/m2	153 (67.4)
Duration of HIV infection (year), mean ± SD	5 ± 1.3
Duration of ART regimen (year), mean ± SD	4.18 ± 1.2
WHO stage of HIV infection
Stage 1	39 (17.2)
Stage 2	68 (30)
Stage 3	95 (41.9)
Stage 4	25 (11)
CD4 count
< 200 cells/mm3	81 (35.7)
≥ 200 cells/mm3	146 (64.3)
ART regimen
Tenofovir based	177 (78)
Non-tenofovir based	50 (22)
eGFR
< 60	124 (54.6)
≥ 60	103 (45.4)

BMI: Body mass index; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; ART: Anti-retroviral therapy; CD: Cluster differentiation; WHO: World Health Organization; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Table 2 Laboratory and sonographic parameters of the study population, n (%)

Parameter	Frequency (n = 227)
Creatinine (mg/dL), mean ± SD	1.07 ± 0.24
Urea (mg/dL), mean ± SD	25.1 ± 7.1
Ultrasonogram abnormalities
Normal size kidney	138 (60.8)
Large kidney	89 (39.2)
Increased echogenecity	188 (82.8)
Normal echogenecity	39 (17.2)

Table 3 Comparison of estimated glomerular filtration rate with World Health Organization staging of human immunodeficiency virus infection, n (%)

WHO stage of HIV infection	eGFR < 60 (n = 124)	eGFR ≥ 60 (n = 103)	χ2 value	Degree of freedom	P value
Stage 1	8 (6.5)	31 (30.1)	40.78	3	< 0.001
Stage 2	28 (22.6)	40 (38.8)	-	-	-
Stage 3	68 (54.8)	27 (26.2)	-	-	-
Stage 4	20 (16.1)	5 (4.9)	-	-	-

eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; WHO: World health organization; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus.

Table 4 Comparison of kidney size with World Health Organization staging of Human immunodeficiency virus infection, n (%)

WHO stage of HIV infection	Large (n = 89)	Normal (n = 138)	χ2 value	Degree of freedom	P value
Stage 1	5 (5.6)	34 (24.6)	25.67	314	< 0.001
Stage 2	22 (24.7)	46 (33.3)	-	-	-
Stage 3	54 (60.7)	41 (29.7)	-	-	-
Stage 4	8 (9)	17 (12.3)	-	-	-

WHO: World health organization; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus.

Table 5 Comparison of kidney echogenicity with World Health Organization staging of Human immunodeficiency virus infection, n (%)

WHO stage of HIV infection	Increased echogenicity (n = 188)	Normal echogenicity (n = 39)	Fischer exact value	Degree of freedom	P value
Stage 1	14 (7.5)	25 (64.1)	85.79	3	< 0.001
Stage 2	54 (28.7)	14 (35.9)	-	-	-
Stage 3	95 (50.5)	-	-	-	-
Stage 4	25 (13.3)	-	-	-	-

WHO: World health organization; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus.