Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related acute kidney injury: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for nephrologists

doi:10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.114239

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Mar 25, 2026 (publication date) through Mar 14, 2026

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World Journal of Nephrology

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2220-6124

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Nephrol. Mar 25, 2026; 15(1): 114239
Published online Mar 25, 2026. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.114239

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Figure 1 Overview of the pathophysiological mechanisms and subsequent pathological outcomes linked to immune checkpoint inhibitor-related acute kidney injury.

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Figure 2 Flowchart outlining the management of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related acute kidney injury, summarising recommendations from major international guidelines. AKI: Acute kidney injury; ICI: Immune checkpoint inhibitor; ATIN: Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor; NSAID: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; SCr: Serum creatinine; IV: Intravenous; GN: Glomerulonephritis; TMA: Thrombotic microangiopathy; TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factor alpha; ASON: American Society of Onco-Nephrology.

Citation: Javaid MM, Tonkin-Hill G, Klein M. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related acute kidney injury: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for nephrologists. World J Nephrol 2026; 15(1): 114239
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-6124/full/v15/i1/114239.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.114239