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World J Nephrol. Mar 25, 2026; 15(1): 115357
Published online Mar 25, 2026. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.115357
Published online Mar 25, 2026. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.115357
Gut-kidney axis: Dysbiosis and renal disease
Maurizio Salvadori, Department of Renal Transplantation, Careggi University Hospital, Florence 50139, Tuscany, Italy
Giuseppina Rosso, Department of Nephrology, San Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Florence 50143, Toscana, Italy
Co-first authors: Maurizio Salvadori and Giuseppina Rosso.
Author contributions: Salvadori M and Rosso G equally contributed to generating the manuscript; both authors wrote, controlled and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest to disclose.
Corresponding author: Maurizio Salvadori, MD, Professor, Department of Renal Trans
Received: October 21, 2025
Revised: November 25, 2025
Accepted: January 14, 2026
Published online: March 25, 2026
Processing time: 144 Days and 10.3 Hours
Revised: November 25, 2025
Accepted: January 14, 2026
Published online: March 25, 2026
Processing time: 144 Days and 10.3 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: It has been recently established an axis among gut, liver and kidney. In conditions of gut microbiota modifications, otherwise called dysbiosis, this alteration can favor uremic toxins (UTs) in blood circulation and the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The principal questions are which exactly is the cross talk between gut, liver and kidney, whether a specific microbiota is linked to CKD and in generating UTs, whether gut dysbiosis favors the progression of CKD. Finally, which are the possible therapeutical measures for such condition.