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©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Nephrol. Dec 25, 2025; 14(4): 111613
Published online Dec 25, 2025. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v14.i4.111613
Published online Dec 25, 2025. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v14.i4.111613
Predictors of non-diabetic kidney disease in diabetics: A Saudi Arabian perspective
Salem H Al-Qurashi, Muhammad Abdul Mabood Khalil, Hinda Hassan Khideer Mahmood, Mohamed Abdelmonem Said Ahmed, Rayan Mohammed H Alghamdi, Nihal Mohammed Sadagah, Center of Renal Diseases and Transplantation, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah 23311, Makkah al Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia
Rawan A Al-Ghamdi, Department of Medicine, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah 23311, Makkah al Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia
Maram Majid Alsharif, Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Makkah al Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia
Author contributions: Al-Qurashi SH, Khalil MAM, and Sadagah NM conceived the study idea; Khalil MAM drafted the initial version, revised it, and all authors critically reviewed it and approved the final manuscript.
Institutional review board statement: This study was approved (No. 2025-42) by the Research Ethics Committee of our institution.
Informed consent statement: All patients or their next of kin provided informed consent.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Data sharing statement: Data will be made available upon reasonable request and approval by the Institutional Research Ethics Review Committee.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Muhammad Abdul Mabood Khalil, Center of Renal Diseases and Transplantation, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Al Kurnaysh Br Road, Al Andalus, Jeddah 23311, Makkah al Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia. doctorkhalil1975@hotmail.com
Received: July 4, 2025
Revised: August 3, 2025
Accepted: November 7, 2025
Published online: December 25, 2025
Processing time: 172 Days and 8.4 Hours
Revised: August 3, 2025
Accepted: November 7, 2025
Published online: December 25, 2025
Processing time: 172 Days and 8.4 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: Diabetic patients have non-diabetic kidney diseases (NDKD) alone or with diabetic kidney diseases (DKD) in 62.1%. Compared to DKD, NDKD was associated with significantly lower odds of heavy proteinuria, retinopathy, and long-standing diabetes. However, NDKD had higher odds of anemia. NDKD patients experienced better renal and patient survival outcomes. Increasing age, creatinine, arteriosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and tubular atrophy were independently associated with kidney failure. Renin angiotensin system blockers were found to be protective in preventing kidney failure. Mortality was independently associated with older age, hypoalbuminemia, diabetic retinopathy, arteriosclerosis, and higher creatinine.