Prevalence of sapovirus infection among hospitalized pediatric patients in Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 Characteristics of the studies included in meta-analysis

Ref.	Country	World bank category	Time-frame	Number of positive samples	Total number of samples	Diagnostic method used	Age
Al-Ali et al[37], 2011	Lebanon	Lower-middle income	2010	0	79	RT-PCR	Both
Borkakoty et al[60], 2023	India	Lower-middle income	2014-2016	24	407	RT-PCR	< 5 years
Cao et al[57], 2021	China	Upper-middle income	2015-2019	30	1181	RT-PCR	< 5 years
Chaimongkol et al[38], 2012	Thailand	Upper-middle income	2007	5	160	RT-PCR	< 5 years
Chaimongkol et al[42], 2014	Thailand	Upper-middle income	2007	5	160	RT-PCR	< 5 years
	Thailand	Upper-middle income	2010	2	109	RT-PCR	< 5 years
	Thailand	Upper-middle income	2011	0	298	RT-PCR	< 5 years
Chen et al[41], 2013	Taiwan	High income	2004-2011	6	755	RT-PCR	Both
Cheng et al[36], 2010	China	Upper-middle income	2001-2007	10	1195	RT-PCR	< 5 years
Guntapong et al[25], 2004	Thailand	Upper-middle income	2002-2003	12	321	RT-PCR	< 5 years
Gupta et al[43], 2015	India	Lower-middle income	2010-2012	5	169	RT-PCR	< 5 years
Gupta et al[50], 2018	India	Lower-middle income	2009-2010	1	144	EIA or RT-PCR	< 5 years
Hansman et al[24], 2004	Thailand	Upper-middle income	2000-2001	13	105	RT-PCR	< 5 years
Jin et al[30], 2008	China	Upper-middle income	2006-2007	10	1110	RT-PCR	< 5 years
Jin et al[34], 2009	China	Upper-middle income	2005-2007	6	544	ELISA, RT-PCR, or PCR	< 5 years
Kawano et al[26], 2007	Japan	High income	2000-2006	2	62	RT-PCR	< 5 years
Khamrin et al[28], 2007	Thailand	Upper-middle income	2002-2004	3	248	RT-PCR	Both
Khamrin et al[35], 2010	Thailand	Upper-middle income	2005	5	147	RT-PCR	< 5 years
Khamrin et al[49], 2017	Thailand	Upper-middle income	2012-2014	6	889	RT-PCR	Both
Kumthip et al[54], 2020	Thailand	Upper-middle income	2010-2018	50	3057	RT-PCR	Both
Lasure and Gopalkrishna[47], 2017	India	Lower-middle income	2007	6	778	RT-PCR	< 5 years
	India	Lower-middle income	2008	6		RT-PCR	< 5 years
	India	Lower-middle income	2009	3		RT-PCR	< 5 years
	India	Lower-middle income	2010	2		RT-PCR	< 5 years
	India	Lower-middle income	2011	4		RT-PCR	< 5 years
Li et al[33], 2009	Hong Kong	High income	2008	2	209	RT-PCR	Both
Li et al[45], 2015	China	Upper-middle income	2011-2013	5	508	RT-PCR	< 5 years
Li et al[46], 2016	China	Upper-middle income	2011-2012	30	461	RT-PCR	< 5 years
Liu et al[44], 2015	Philippines	Lower-middle income	2012-2013	29	417	RT-PCR	< 5 years
Mai et al[61], 2023	Vietnam	Lower-middle income	2016-2021	50	2317	RT-PCR	< 5 years
Malasao et al[31], 2008	Thailand	Upper-middle income	2000-2002	10	296	RT-PCR	< 5 years
Mohammadi et al[55], 2020	Iran	Upper-middle income	2015-2017	0	103	RT-PCR	< 5 years
Monica et al[29], 2007	India	Lower-middle income	2001-2004	18	350	RT-PCR	< 5 years
Nakanishi et al[32], 2009	Japan	High income	2003-2005	15	877	RT-PCR	Both
Nguyen et al[27], 2007	Vietnam	Lower-middle income	2002-2003	4	1010	RT-PCR	< 5 years
Phengma et al[59], 2022	Thailand	Upper-middle income	2019-2020	6	675	RT-PCR	< 5 years
Pongsuwanna et al[48], 2017	Thailand	Upper-middle income	2006-2008	12	1141	RT-PCR	Both
Abdel-Rahman et al[56], 2021	Qatar	High income	2016-2018	21	901	Film array gastrointestinal panel kit	Both
Supadej et al[52], 2019	Thailand	Upper-middle income	2015-2017	16	843	RT-PCR	Both
Thongprachum et al[40], 2013	Thailand	Upper-middle income	2006	0	156	RT-PCR	< 5 years
Trang et al[39], 2012	Vietnam	Lower-middle income	2007-2008	7	501	RT-PCR	< 5 years
Wu et al[58], 2021	Taiwan	High income	2008-2011	48	4055	RT-PCR	Both
	Taiwan	High income	2016-2017	56	2449	RT-PCR	Both
Xue et al[53], 2019	China	Upper-middle income	2013-2017	11	569	RT-PCR	Both
Yan et al[23], 2004	China	Upper-middle income	2001-2003	2	207	RT-PCR	Both
Yu et al[51], 2018	Taiwan	High income	2007-2011	5	396	RT-PCR	< 5 years
	Taiwan	High income	2012-2026	4	441	RT-PCR	< 5 years

RT-PCR: Real-time polymerase chain reaction; EIA: Enzyme immunoassay; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction.

Table 2 Subgroup analysis of the prevalence of sapoviruses infection among pediatric patients with gastroenteritis

	Categories	K events	Pooled prevalence (%) (95%CI)	Q value	I2%
Overall		567	1.7304 (1.3274-2.2530)		84.9
Country	Thailand	13	1.8077 (1.1255-2.8913)	73.36	83.6
	India	5	3.4731 (2.2098-5.4184)	11.89	66.4
	China	8	1.5423 (0.9089-2.6053)	61.52	88.6
	Japan	2	1.8104 (1.1284-2.8928)	0.72	0.0
	Qatar	1	2.3307 (1.5245-3.5481)	0.00	-
	Vietnam	3	1.1303 (0.5007-2.5317)	11.41	82.5
	Lebanon	1	0.0000 (0.0000-100.0000)	0.00	-
	China Taiwan	3	1.4699 (1.2295-1.7564)	3.90	48.7
	Philippines	1	6.9544 (4.8752-9.8288)	0.00	-
	Iran	1	0.0000 (0.0000-100.0000)	0.00	-
	Hong Kong	1	0.9569 (0.2395-3.7435)	0.00	-
Age	Below 5 years	26	1.9958 (1.3893-2.8594)	181.70	86.2
	Both	13	1.5234 (1.3463-1.7235)	14.92	19.5

CI: Confidence interval.

Table 3 Prevalence of other enteric virus in Asian population

Viruses	Geographic scope	Population	Pooled prevalence/genotype distribution	Ref.
Norovirus	East, South, and Southeast Asia	Children with acute gastroenteritis	GII.4 approximately 53.6% of GII infections; other genotypes frequently > 10% (GII.2, GII.3, GII.7, GII.17)	[62]
Rotavirus	Multiple Asian countries	Children with acute gastroenteritis	G3P[8] 24%; G9P[8] 11%; G1P[8] 11%; G2P[4] 8%	[63]
Human astrovirus	Southeast Asia	Children with acute gastroenteritis	Approximately 2.5% (95%CI: 1.8-3.5)	[64]
Human adenovirus	Asia	Pediatric gastroenteritis cases	Approximately 7%	[65]
Sapovirus	Southeast Asia	Children with acute gastroenteritis	Approximately 2.3% (95%CI: 1.7-3.3)	[21]
Sapovirus	Asia	Hospitalized pediatric patients	1.73% (95%CI: 1.33-2.25); sensitivity analysis: 1.74% (95%CI: 1.31-2.31)	(Present meta-analysis)

CI: Confidence interval.