Pre-hospital proton pump inhibitor use and clinical outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A retrospective case-control study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of proton pump inhibitors users and non-users, n (%)

Variable	PPI users (n = 83)	Non-users (n = 165)	P value
Age (mean ± SD)	66.1 ± 13.9	63.1 ± 15.1	0.12
Male	56 (67.5)	79 (47.9)	0.006
BMI > 30	35 (42.2)	57 (34.5)	0.24
Hypertension	46 (55.4)	71 (43.0)	0.065
Diabetes mellitus	29 (34.9)	53 (32.1)	0.72
CKD	24 (28.9)	18 (10.9)	0.012
COPD	10 (12.0)	21 (12.7)	0.91
Vaccinated	14 (16.9)	30 (18.2)	0.84

Comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics between hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 patients with and without pre-hospital proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) use. No statistically significant differences were observed in baseline vaccination status or body mass index. Chronic kidney disease was more prevalent among PPIs users. PPI: Proton pump inhibitors; BMI: Body mass index; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Table 2 Clinical outcomes by proton pump inhibitors use, n (%)

Outcome	PPI users (n = 83)	Non-users (n = 165)	P value
ICU admission	11 (13.3)	41 (24.8)	0.034
Mechanical ventilation	11 (13.3)	42 (25.5)	0.027
In-Hospital mortality	5 (6.0)	29 (17.6)	0.013
Length of stay (median, IQR)	6.2 (4.5-8.3)	6.8 (5.0-9.2)	0.52
Remdesivir use	38 (45.8)	82 (49.7)	0.56
Systemic steroid use	70 (84.3)	143 (86.7)	0.61

Primary and secondary clinical outcomes in hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 patients stratified by pre-hospital proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) use. PPI users demonstrated significantly lower rates of intensive care unit admission, mechanical ventilation, and in-hospital mortality compared to non-users. No significant differences were observed in length of stay or antiviral treatment administration. ICU: Intensive care unit.