Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients who underwent tracheostomy and its effect on outcome: A retrospective observational study

Table 1 Clinical-demographic parameters of COVID-19 patients who underwent tracheostomy

Characteristics	n = 73
Age (yr)	52 ± 16.67
Male	38 (52%)
Female	35 (48%)
Comorbities & COVID related complications n (%)
HTN	26 (35.6%)
DM	18 (24.66%)
CAD	04 (5.44%)
CKD with AKI	25 (34.3%)
CVA	11 (15.1%)
TBI	02 (2.74%)
Stroke	05 (6.8%)
Pneumothorax	10 (13.7%)
Mucormycosis	06 (8.22%)
Shock	44 (60.2%)
COVID severity n (%)
Mild	14 (19.2%)
Moderate	22 (30.2%)
Severe	37 (50.6%)
Initial respiratory support n (%)
RA	9 (12.3%)
FM	6 (8.2%)
NRBM	14 (19.2%)
HFNC	8 (10.9%)
NIV	5 (6.8%)
MV	31 (42.5%)
Tracheostomy related events (mean ± SD)
Admission to tracheostomy (d)	18.12 ± 12.98
Intubation to tracheostomy (d)	11.97 ± 9
ICU stay (d)	25 ± 11
Hospital stay (d)	28.21 ± 11.60
Death (n, %)	52 (71.2%)
Discharge (n, %)	21 (28.8%)

HTN: Hypertension; DM: Diabetes mellitus; CAD: Coronary artery disease; CKD with AKI: Chronic kidney disease with acute kidney injury; CVA: Cerebrovascular accident; TBI: Traumatic brain injury; RA: Room air; FM: Face mask; NRBM: Non-rebreathing mask; HFNC: High-flow nasal cannula; NIV: Non-invasive ventilation; MV: Mechanical ventilation.

Table 2 Comparison of tracheostomy-related events between survivors and non-survivors

Parameters		Survivors	Non-survivors	P value
Age (yr)		44.95 ± 4.19	54.84 ± 2.05	0.02
Gender male		12 (57.2%)	26 (50%)	0.38
Female		9 (42.8%)	26 (50%)
Comorbidities	Present	06 (28.6%)	16 (30.77%)	0.54
	Absent	15 (71.4%)	36 (69.23%)
COVID severity	Mild	10 (71.4%)	04 (28.6%)	0.001
	Moderate	03 (13.6%)	19 (86.4%)
	Severe	08 (21.6%)	29 (78.4%)
Admission to tracheostomy (d)		17.09 ± 2.54	18.53 ± 1.88	0.67
Intubation to tracheostomy (d)		9.19 ± 8.57	13.09 ± 9.02	0.01
Early tracheostomy (< 10 d)		14 (66.6%)	21 (40.3%)
Late tracheostomy (> 10 d)		7 (33.4%)	31 (59.6%)	0.03
ICU stay (d)		26.19 ± 3.50	24.55 ± 1.41	0.6
Hospital stay (d)		30.85 ± 3.15	27.15 ± 1.41	0.21