Trends in the management of infectious disease under SARS-CoV-2 era: From pathophysiological comparison of COVID-19 and influenza

Table 1 Clinical differences between influenza and coronavirus disease 2019

Characteristics	Clinical differences
Signs and symptoms	Influenza: Mild to severe illness, including common signs and symptoms. COVID-19: More serious illnesses in some people. Change or loss of taste or smell may be included
Incubation period	Flu: 1-4 d after infection. COVID-19: 5 d, but symptoms can appear as early as 2 d or as late as 14 d after infection
Duration of the symptoms	Flu: 3-7 d. COVID-19: 2-3 wk
Asymptomatic patients	Flu: 10%. COVID-19: A few 60%

COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; Flu: Influenza.

Table 2 Combination/bundle of the candidate drugs for coronavirus disease 2019 treatment based on the pathophysiological characteristics

Drugs	Pathophysiological characteristics
Antiviral drugs
	Remdesivir for moderate to very severe patients
	Favipiravir for mild to severe patients
Immnomodulators
	Corticosteroids for moderarte to very severe patients
	Tocilizumab for hospitalized COVID-19 patients
	Jak/Stat signaling inhibitors for hospitalized COVID-19 patients
Anticoaglnat drugs
	Heparin
	DOAC

COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; DOAC: Direct oral anticoagulant.

Table 3 Comparison of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines in clinical trials

Vaccine	Clinical trials
Pfizer vaccine (Name: BNT 162b2)
	Type: mRNA
	Age: ≥ 16 years old
	Dose: 30 μg (0.3 mL) twice (21 d interval)
	Efficiency (95%CI): 95.0% (90.3-97.6)
Moderna vaccine (Name: mRNA-1273)
	Type: mRNA
	Age: ≥ 18 years old
	Dose: 100 μg (0.5 mL) twice (28 d interval)
	Efficiency (95%CI): 94.5% (86.5-97.8)
AstraZeneca vaccine (Name: ChAdOx1)
	Type: Virus vector
	Age: ≥ 18 years old
	Dose: Low doss: 2.2 × 1010 virus particle andStandard dose: 5 × 1010 virus particle, twice (28 d interval)
	Efficiency (95%CI): 90.0% (67.4-97.0)

mRNA: Messenger ribonucleic acid; CI: Confidence interval.