Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
World J Virol. Jun 25, 2026; 15(2): 120027
Published online Jun 25, 2026. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v15.i2.120027
Published online Jun 25, 2026. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v15.i2.120027
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and metabolic dysfunction-associated alcohol-related liver disease in human immunodeficiency virus
Dinuka Bandara, Department of Internal Medicine, Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ 85012, United States
Krishan Joshi, College of Osteopathic Medicine, California Health Sciences University, Clovis, CA 93612, United States
Carol Singh, Department of Internal Medicine, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana 141001, Punjab, India
Aalam Sohal, Mohanad Al-Qaisi, Nilofar Najafian, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepa
Author contributions: Bandara D performed formal analysis; Bandara D, Joshi K, and Singh C contributed to the original draft preparation; Sohal A conceptualized the review design and provided continued supervision of the project; Al-Qaisi M and Najafian N reviewed and edited the draft. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
AI contribution statement: ChatGPT was used in a very limited capacity for wording assistance and grammar editing during manuscript preparation. All scientific translation and data analysis in the manuscript was performed by the authors. None of the images in the manuscript were generated by AI. No portion of the manuscript’s main text was AI-generated.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Corresponding author: Aalam Sohal, MD, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Creighton University School of Medicine, 3100 North Central Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85012, United States. aalamsohal@gmail.com
Received: February 24, 2026
Revised: March 15, 2026
Accepted: May 20, 2026
Published online: June 25, 2026
Processing time: 124 Days and 2.1 Hours
Revised: March 15, 2026
Accepted: May 20, 2026
Published online: June 25, 2026
Processing time: 124 Days and 2.1 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: This review synthesizes emerging evidence on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and metabolic dysfunction-associated alcohol-related liver disease in people living with human immunodeficiency virus. The authors highlight the implications of recent nomenclature changes and critically evaluate non-invasive fibrosis tools. The review advances a multi-hit conceptual model integrating antiretroviral therapy effects, immune activation, metabolic dysfunction, and alcohol effects to guide future research and clinical care.