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©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Transplant. Dec 18, 2025; 15(4): 105620
Published online Dec 18, 2025. doi: 10.5500/wjt.v15.i4.105620
Published online Dec 18, 2025. doi: 10.5500/wjt.v15.i4.105620
Cardiovascular risk stratification in liver transplant patients: Balancing clinical outcomes and resource allocation
Luca Galassi, School of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Lombardy, Italy
Martina Spanevello, Postgraduate School of Cardiac Surgery, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Lombardy, Italy
Matteo Lino Ravini, Giulio Mercandalli, Vascular and Endovascular Unit, IRCCS Galeazzi-Sant’Ambrogio, Milan 20157, Lombardy, Italy
Author contributions: Galassi L, Spanevello M, Ravini ML, and Mercandalli G contributed to this paper, designed the overall concept and outline, and wrote the manuscript; all of the authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript to be published.
Conflict-of-interest statement: Luca Galassi, Martina Spanevello, Matteo Lino Ravini, and Giulio Mercandalli have nothing to disclose.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Luca Galassi, MD, School of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Milan, Festa del Perdono Street, Milan 20122, Lombardy, Italy.
Received: January 30, 2025
Revised: March 19, 2025
Accepted: March 20, 2025
Published online: December 18, 2025
Processing time: 293 Days and 6.7 Hours
Revised: March 19, 2025
Accepted: March 20, 2025
Published online: December 18, 2025
Processing time: 293 Days and 6.7 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of complications in liver transplant candidates, yet risk assessment remains inconsistent due to high costs, especially in public healthcare systems. Balancing comprehensive screening with resource efficiency is crucial to improving outcomes while minimizing financial strain. Evidence-based, adaptable protocols are needed to enhance patient safety, optimize resource allocation, and ensure the long-term sustainability of healthcare systems.