Application of medication therapy management-based “in-hospital assessment - home-based intervention” pharmaceutical care in patients with depression

Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics and medication-related problem risk stratification between two groups of patients with depression

Characteristic	Intervention group (n = 52)	Control group (n = 52)	t/χ2 value	P value
Demographic characteristics
Age, years	45.20 ± 8.70	46.50 ± 9.30	0.762	0.447
Female	32 (61.54)	30 (57.69)	0.155	0.694
Clinical characteristics
HAMD-17 score	24.60 ± 3.90	24.30 ± 3.60	0.421	0.674
Disease duration, months	18.40 ± 6.20	19.10 ± 7.00	0.582	0.561
First-episode depression	28 (53.85)	25 (48.08)	0.336	0.562
Two or more comorbid chronic diseases	15 (28.85)	13 (25.00)	0.195	0.659
MRP risk stratification (STOPP/START criteria)
High risk, ≥ 3 MRPs	22 (42.31)	20 (38.46)	0.155	0.694
Medium risk, 1-2 MRPs	25 (48.08)	26 (50.00)	0.032	0.858
Low risk, no MRPs	5 (9.62)	6 (11.54)	0.109	0.741

Data are presented as mean ± SD or n (%).

HAMD-17: 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; STOPP/START: Screening Tool of Older Persons’ Prescriptions/Screening Tool to Alert doctors to Right Treatment; MRPs: Medication-related problems.

Table 2 Longitudinal comparison of medication adherence between two groups of patients with depression

Indicator	Time point	Intervention group (n = 52)	Control group (n = 52)	χ2/t value	P value
MPR ≥ 80%	Baseline	18 (34.62)	19 (36.54)	0.042	0.838
	3 months	30 (57.69)	21 (40.38)	7.093	0.008
	6 months	37 (71.15)	22 (42.31)	9.415	0.002
	9 months	40 (76.92)	24 (46.15)	11.236	0.001
Dose omission rate (times/person/month)	3 months	0.45 ± 0.25	1.20 ± 0.50	9.246	< 0.001
	6 months	0.32 ± 0.18	1.05 ± 0.41	11.832	< 0.001
	9 months	0.28 ± 0.15	0.95 ± 0.38	10.573	< 0.001
Self-reduction rate (times/person/month)	3 months	0.25 ± 0.15	0.80 ± 0.35	9.872	< 0.001
	6 months	0.15 ± 0.11	0.68 ± 0.33	10.647	< 0.001
	9 months	0.12 ± 0.09	0.60 ± 0.30	9.328	< 0.001

Data are presented as mean ± SD or n (%).

MPR: Medication possession rate.

Table 3 Comparison of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score changes and clinical response rates between two groups of patients with depression

Indicator	Time point	Intervention group (n = 52)	Control group (n = 52)	t/χ2 value	P value
HAMD-17 score	Baseline	24.60 ± 3.90	24.30 ± 3.60	0.301	0.764
	3 months	16.20 ± 4.10	19.80 ± 3.90	4.472	< 0.001
	6 months	12.10 ± 4.20	17.40 ± 4.00	6.325	< 0.001
	9 months	8.50 ± 3.90	15.20 ± 4.10	8.142	< 0.001
Clinical response rate (≥ 50% reduction in HAMD-17 score)	3 months	20 (38.46)	10 (19.23)	4.983	0.026
	6 months	37 (71.15)	22 (42.31)	9.327	0.002
	9 months	43 (82.69)	27 (51.92)	12.045	0.001
Clinical remission rate (HAMD-17 score ≤ 7)	3 months	5 (9.62)	1 (1.92)	2.836	0.092
	6 months	22 (42.31)	5 (9.62)	14.286	< 0.001
	9 months	34 (65.38)	10 (19.23)	20.735	< 0.001
Cumulative relapse rate	3 months	1 (1.92)	3 (5.77)
	6 months	2 (3.85)	6 (11.54)	4.528	0.033
	9 months	5 (9.62)	12 (23.08)	6.992	0.008

Data are presented as mean ± SD or n (%).

HAMD-17: 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.

Table 4 Comparison of healthcare resource utilization and economic burden between two groups of patients with depression

Indicator	Time	Intervention group (n = 52)	Control group (n = 52)	t/χ2 value	P value
Hospitalization rate	3 months	1 (1.92)	3 (5.77)	1.026	0.311
	6 months	3 (5.77)	11 (21.15)	5.836	0.016
	9 months	6 (11.54)	18 (34.62)	9.126	0.003
Drug-related re-visit rate	3 months	1 (1.92)	5 (9.62)	2.836	0.092
	6 months	3 (5.77)	10 (19.23)	4.563	0.033
	9 months	4 (7.69)	13 (25.00)	6.325	0.012
Per capita emergency visits, times/month	3 months	0.15 ± 0.20	0.32 ± 0.40	2.463	0.015
	6 months	0.28 ± 0.30	0.60 ± 0.50	3.625	< 0.001
	9 months	0.41 ± 0.38	0.87 ± 0.65	4.263	< 0.001
Per capita hospitalization days	3 months	0.15 ± 0.45	0.60 ± 0.85	2.836	0.005
	6 months	0.60 ± 1.40	2.80 ± 3.50	3.248	0.002
	9 months	1.20 ± 2.10	4.50 ± 5.80	3.852	< 0.001
Per capita medical cost, 10000 CNY	3 months	0.65 ± 0.25	1.10 ± 0.45	5.248	< 0.001
	6 months	1.25 ± 0.45	2.10 ± 0.85	5.836	< 0.001
	9 months	1.82 ± 0.75	2.94 ± 1.12	5.836	< 0.001

Data are presented as mean ± SD or n (%).

Table 5 Frequency of remote pharmacist consultations (times/month) in two groups of patients with depression

Time point	Intervention group (n = 52)	Control group (n = 52)	t value	P value
3 months	1.30 ± 0.60	0.08 ± 0.25	11.246	< 0.001
6 months	1.50 ± 0.70	0.10 ± 0.30	12.875	< 0.001
9 months	1.60 ± 0.75	0.12 ± 0.35	13.428	< 0.001

Data are presented as mean ± SD.

Table 6 Longitudinal comparison of quality-of-life scores between two groups of patients with depression

Indicator	Time point	Intervention group (n = 52)	Control group (n = 52)	t value	P value
SF-36 Physical Health score	Baseline	45.32 ± 8.25	44.87 ± 7.93	0.294	0.769
	3 months	52.45 ± 8.62	46.32 ± 8.15	3.625	< 0.001
	6 months	62.14 ± 9.37	52.45 ± 8.62	5.321	< 0.001
	9 months	68.75 ± 10.21	54.38 ± 9.15	7.248	< 0.001
SF-36 Mental Health score	Baseline	38.24 ± 7.63	37.85 ± 7.28	0.258	0.797
	3 months	52.45 ± 8.34	42.38 ± 7.95	6.246	< 0.001
	6 months	65.83 ± 8.92	49.76 ± 8.34	9.263	< 0.001
	9 months	72.41 ± 9.56	51.62 ± 8.73	11.037	< 0.001
WHOQOL-BREF Social Function score	Baseline	42.56 ± 6.87	41.93 ± 6.54	0.432	0.666
	3 months	48.67 ± 7.83	43.25 ± 7.15	3.625	< 0.001
	6 months	60.34 ± 8.25	48.67 ± 7.83	6.735	< 0.001
	9 months	66.89 ± 9.12	50.24 ± 8.45	8.924	< 0.001

Data are presented as mean ± SD. SF-36: 36-Item Short Form Health Survey; WHOQOL-BREF: World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF.

Table 7 Comparison of incidence of adverse drug reactions between two groups of patients with depression

Adverse reaction type	Time point	Intervention group (n = 52)	Control group (n = 52)	χ2 value	P value
Nausea/vomiting	3 months	3 (5.77)	8 (15.38)	2.385	0.123
	6 months	6 (11.54)	12 (23.08)	3.385	0.066
	9 months	8 (15.38)	15 (28.85)	3.924	0.048
Dry mouth	3 months	7 (13.46)	14 (26.92)	3.038	0.081
	6 months	11 (21.15)	19 (36.54)	3.836	0.050
	9 months	13 (25.00)	22 (42.31)	4.217	0.040
Constipation	3 months	3 (5.77)	7 (13.46)	1.785	0.181
	6 months	6 (11.54)	12 (23.08)	3.385	0.066
	9 months	7 (13.46)	14 (26.92)	4.563	0.033
Sexual dysfunction	3 months	2 (3.85)	6 (11.54)	2.385	0.123
	6 months	6 (11.54)	14 (26.92)	4.217	0.040
	9 months	10 (19.23)	18 (34.62)	5.038	0.025
Sleep disturbance	3 months	6 (11.54)	12 (23.08)	3.385	0.066
	6 months	10 (19.23)	18 (34.62)	4.217	0.040
	9 months	12 (23.08)	20 (38.46)	4.872	0.027
Overall adverse reaction incidence	3 months	12 (23.08)	22 (42.31)	4.217	0.040
	6 months	20 (38.46)	34 (65.38)	7.836	0.005
	9 months	27 (51.92)	40 (76.92)	8.326	0.004

Data are presented as n (%).