Mismatch negativity as a marker for evaluating overall neurocognitive impairment following postconcussion syndrome

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with postconcussion syndrome and controls, mean ± SD

Parameter	Controls (n = 56)	Patients (n = 63)	P value
Age (years)	42.27 ± 12.04	42.30 ± 12.98	0.993
Sex			0.9831
Male (n)	25	28
Female (n)	31	35
Years of education	9.35 ± 4.10	9.40 ± 3.38	0.962
Injury time (months)		14.95 ± 4.93
IQ	86.03 ± 9.37	72.45 ± 6.00	< 0.001a
ADL scale score	14.54 ± 0.58	16.05 ± 1.31	< 0.001a
FAQ scale score	1.35 ± 1.16	3.35 ± 0.99	< 0.001a
SDSS scale score	0.15 ± 0.37	2.30 ± 0.87	< 0.001a
Scale of personality change following TBI score	3.08 ± 1.57	6.80 ± 2.29	< 0.001a

¹χ² test, other statistics: Student’s t-test.

^aP < 0.05.

IQ: Intelligence quotient; ADL: Activity of daily living; FAQ: Functional activities questionnaire; SDSS: Social disability screening schedule; TBI: Traumatic brain injury.

Table 2 The results of mismatch negativity between controls and patients with postconcussion syndrome, mean ± SD

Parameter	Controls (n = 56)	Patients (n = 63)	P value	PFDR value
Amplitude (μV)
FZ	-3.89 ± 1.79	-2.98 ± 0.99	< 0.001a	0.0014
F1	-3.97 ± 1.71	-2.94 ± 1.12	< 0.001a	0.0008
F2	-4.01 ± 1.84	-2.82 ± 1.04	< 0.001a	0.0002
FCZ	-3.32 ± 1.53	-2.50 ± 0.95	< 0.001a	0.0014
CZ	-2.42 ± 1.16	-2.15 ± 1.06	0.189	0.2843
PZ	-1.65 ± 0.92	-1.52 ± 0.94	0.459	0.5002
Latency (milliseconds)
FZ	207.17 ± 37.46	216.40 ± 35.06	0.168	0.2841
F1	208.20 ± 35.46	214.95 ± 35.03	0.299	0.3583
F2	206.86 ± 33.45	216.15 ± 35.69	0.146	0.2841
FCZ	208.55 ± 36.56	217.05 ± 33.11	0.186	0.2943
CZ	206.70 ± 39.70	215.75 ± 39.21	0.214	0.2854
PZ	203.46 ± 42.10	208.37 ± 38.97	0.511	0.5112

Data were calculated by Student’s t-test.

^aP < 0.05.

FDR: False discovery rate.

Table 3 Partial correlations between mismatch negativity and scale scores in patients with postconcussion syndrome, controlling for age, years of education, and intelligence quotient

Parameter	SDSS scale		ADL scale		FAQ scale		Scale of personality change following TBI
	PFDR value	r-value	PFDR value	r-value	PFDR value	r-value	PFDR value	r-value
Amplitude (μV)
FZ	0.048a	0.255	0.278	-0.141	0.046a	0.258	0.033a	0.273
F1	0.003a	0.465	0.321	-0.129	0.043a	0.260	0.041a	0.267
F2	0.028a	0.281	0.753	-0.041	0.028a	0.281	0.722	-0.046
FCZ	0.103	0.151	0.984	-0.003	0.889	0.018	0.130	0.196
CZ	0.360	0.119	0.322	-0.129	0.360	0.119	0.758	0.040
PZ	0.682	-0.054	0.285	-0.139	0.682	-0.054	0.380	0.114
Latency (milliseconds)
FZ	0.478	0.093	0.071	-0.233	0.886	-0.019	0.805	0.032
F1	0.819	0.030	0.245	-0.151	0.521	-0.084	0.260	0.147
F2	0.197	-0.167	0.865	-0.022	0.433	-0.102	0.994	0.001
FCZ	0.866	0.022	0.210	-0.163	0.428	0.103	0.349	0.122
CZ	0.246	0.151	0.373	-0.116	0.922	0.013	0.523	-0.083
PZ	0.215	0.161	0.588	-0.071	0.416	-0.106	0.740	-0.043

All correlations reported are partial correlations controlling for age, years of education, and intelligence quotient.

^aP_FDR < 0.05.

ADL: Activity of daily living; SDSS: Social disability screening schedule; FAQ: Functional activities questionnaire; TBI: Traumatic brain injury; FDR: False discovery rate.