Paternal postpartum depression in Suzhou: An analysis of prevalence and risk factors

Table 1 Univariate analysis of postpartum depression categorical variables among postpartum women’s husbands

Variables	No depression	Depression	χ2	P value
Personal factors
Place of birth			33.401	< 0.001
Suzhou natives	288	17
Non-Suzhou natives	248	68
Marital satisfaction			28.636	< 0.001
Extremely dissatisfied	2	1
Very dissatisfied	4	0
Somewhat dissatisfied	7	3
Average	94	32
Satisfied	17	6
Very satisfied	240	27
Extremely satisfied	172	16
Venting emotions to the baby			4.076	0.044
Yes	521	79
No	15	6
Spouse factors
Marital satisfaction			18.834	0.002
Extremely dissatisfied	0	0
Very dissatisfied	6	1
Somewhat dissatisfied	12	2
Average	125	33
Satisfied	45	14
Very satisfied	242	23
Extremely satisfied	106	12
Whether this pregnancy resulted in a fetus			5.844	0.016
Yes	157	36
No	379	49
Living conditions			6.274	0.043
Renting room	92	24
Own room	435	59
Others	9	2
Caregivers during pregnancy			11.260	0.024
Husband	494	73
Parents	45	14
Wife’s parents	58	11
Nurse	4	2
None	7	4
Expectation of baby’s sex during pregnancy			8.040	0.018
Boy	12	4
Girl	31	11
Indifferent	493	70
Neonatal gender
Sex			3.689	0.045
Male	283	35
Female	246	48
Congenital abnormalities			7.059	0.016
Yes	23	46
No	484	68

Table 2 Univariate analysis of continuous postpartum depression variables among postpartum women’s husbands, mean ± SD

Variables	No depression	Depression	t	P value
Internal and external	31.49 ± 4.24	32.31 ± 3.20	0.659	0.144
Neuroticism	35.52 ± 6.63	39.08 ± 4.65	1.851	0.030
Mental quality	35.25 ± 2.27	37.00 ± 3.32	2.379	0.087
Disguise	30.60 ± 4.12	33.30 ± 4.60	1.900	0.698
Total score of social support	49.22 ± 5.84	43.00 ± 7.80	2.273	0.658
Objective social support	17.33 ± 2.59	9.69 ± 1.11	10.409	0.003
Subjective social support	25.97 ± 3.70	21.00 ± 4.32	3.142	0.632
Support utilization	8.46 ± 2.18	8.03 ± 1.70	0.787	0.084

Table 3 Independent variable assignment method for risk factors of postpartum depression

Item	Assignment
Only child or not	Non-only child status = 0, only-child status = 1
Educational level	Primary school and below = 1, junior high schools = 2, high school or secondary school = 3, colleges = 4, undergraduates = 5, graduates = 6
Marital status	Unmarried = 1, first marriage = 2, remarried = 3, divorced = 4, others = 5
Marital satisfaction/relationship satisfaction between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law	Extremely dissatisfied = 1, very dissatisfied = 2, somewhat dissatisfied = 3, average = 4, satisfied = 5, very satisfied = 6, extremely satisfied = 7
Venting emotions towards the baby	No = 0, yes = 1
Medical payment method	Medical insurance = 1, commercial insurance = 2, self-payment = 3, others = 4
Annual family income	Less than 50 thousand = 1, 50-150 thousand = 2, 150-300 thousand = 3, 300-500 thousand = 4, more than 500 thousand = 5
First pregnancy	No = 0, yes = 1
Pregnancy protection	No = 0, yes = 1
Living conditions	Renting room = 1, own room = 2, others = 3
Caregivers during pregnancy	Husband = 1, parents = 2, wife’s parents = 3, nurse = 4, none = 5
Type of delivery	Abdominal delivery = 0, vaginal delivery = 1
Abnormality in delivery	No = 0, yes = 1
Whether the pregnancy resulted in live birth?	No = 0, yes = 1
Expectation of baby’s sex	Boy = 1, girl = 2, indifferent = 3
Pregnancy complications	No =0, diabetes = 1, gestational hypertension = 2, others = 3
Neonatal sex	Boy = 1, girl = 2
Neonatal health status	Good = 1, general = 2, poor = 3, bad = 4
Night-time caregivers	Self = 1, husband = 2, couple = 3, parents = 4, wife’s parents = 5, nurse = 6
Congenital abnormalities	No = 0, yes = 1

Table 4 Binary logistic regression analysis of postpartum depression of the participants

Variable	P value	OR	95%CI
Place of residence	0.000	0.458	0.311-0.673
Living condition	0.035	0.578	0.348-0.962
Educational level	0.006	0.747	0.608-0.919
Marital satisfaction	0.000	0.674	0.566-0.802
Marital satisfaction of spouse	0.001	0.736	0.610-0.886
Caregivers during pregnancy	0.010	1.333	1.072-1.657
Pregnancy protection	0.017	0.564	0.353-0.901
Expectation of baby’s sex	0.000	0.090	0.045-0.182
Subjective social support	0.026	0.598	0.290-1.012

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.