Watson caring theory-based encouragement interventions for pain and anxiety in stage III-IV pressure ulcer patients

Table 1 Comparison of general data of the two groups of patients (n = 78), n (%)/mean ± SD

Index	Control group (n = 78)	Study group (n = 78)	t/χ² value	P value
Age (year)	62.35 ± 5.12	61.87 ± 4.98	0.587	0.557
Gender			0.164	0.686
Male	44 (56.40)	45 (57.69)
Female	34 (43.60)	33 (42.31)
Pressure ulcer stage			0.321	0.571
Phase III	48 (61.54)	51 (65.38)
Phase IV	30 (38.46)	27 (34.62)
Reasons for bed rest			1.235	0.540
Sequelae of stroke	35 (44.87)	33 (42.31)
Parkinson’s disease	18 (23.08)	20 (25.64)
Alzheimer’s disease	18 (23.08)	16 (20.51)
Other	7 (8.97)	9 (11.54)
Underlying diseases			0.876	0.645
Hypertension	53 (67.95)	55 (70.51)
Diabetes	35 (44.87)	34 (43.59)
Coronary heart disease	25 (32.05)	27 (34.62)
Degree of infection			0.512	0.774
Mild infection (WBC 10-15 × 109/L)	30 (38.46)	31 (39.74)
Moderate infection (WBC 15-20 × 109/L)	33 (42.31)	32 (41.03)
Severe infection (WBC > 20 × 109/L)	16 (20.51)	15 (19.23)

WBC: White blood cell.

Table 2 Comparison of prognostic indicators between the two groups (n = 78), n (%)/mean ± SD

Index	Control group (n = 78)	Study group (n = 78)	Statistic	P value
Wound healing effect			u = 2.357	0.018
Recovery from illness	22 (28.21)	35 (44.87)
Conspicuous effect	25 (32.05)	24 (30.77)
Effective	12 (15.38)	13 (16.67)
Void of effect	19 (24.36)	6 (7.69)
Total effective rate (%)	75.64	92.31	χ2 = 8.050	0.005
Wound healing time (day)	52.36 ± 7.82	43.15 ± 6.54	t = 7.981	< 0.001
Total length of stay (day)	58.24 ± 8.15	49.37 ± 7.26	t = 7.176	< 0.001

Table 3 Comparison of infection and nutritional indicators between the two groups before and after intervention, n (%)/mean ± SD

Index	Time point	Control group (n = 78)	Study group (n = 78)	t/χ² value	P value
WBC (× 109/L)	Before intervention	16.87 ± 3.25	17.02 ± 3.18	-0.291	0.771
	After 8 weeks of intervention	11.23 ± 2.15	8.56 ± 1.87	8.275	< 0.001
RBC (× 1012/L)	Before intervention	3.52 ± 0.48	3.48 ± 0.51	0.565	0.573
	After 8 weeks of intervention	4.01 ± 0.53	4.58 ± 0.49	-7.245	< 0.001
HBG (g/L)	Before intervention	102.35 ± 12.68	101.87 ± 13.02	0.238	0.812
	After 8 weeks of intervention	115.62 ± 11.85	128.43 ± 10.96	-7.246	< 0.001
ALB (g/L)	Before intervention	32.15 ± 3.56	31.87 ± 3.42	0.513	0.609
	After 8 weeks of intervention	35.82 ± 3.18	39.65 ± 2.87	-8.092	< 0.001
CRP-C (mg/L)	Before intervention	45.62 ± 8.75	46.13 ± 8.52	-0.367	0.714
	After 8 weeks of intervention	28.35 ± 7.12	16.87 ± 6.35	10.732	< 0.001
Positive microbial culture	Before intervention	92 (92.00)	93 (93.00)	0.018	0.894
	After 8 weeks of intervention	45 (45.00)	22 (22.00)	11.874	0.001

WBC: White blood cell; CRP-C: C-reactive protein; RBC: Red blood cell; HBG: Hemoglobin; ALB: Albumin.

Table 4 Comparison of Visual Analogue Scale score, Braden score and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale score between the two groups before and after intervention, mean ± SD

Index	Time point	Control group (n = 78)	Study group (n = 78)	t value between groups	P value
VAS score	Before intervention	7.82 ± 1.25	7.76 ± 1.31	0.293	0.770
	After 4 weeks of intervention	5.23 ± 1.08	3.15 ± 0.96	12.714	< 0.001
	After 8 weeks of intervention	3.18 ± 0.87	1.56 ± 0.72	12.666	< 0.001
Braden score	Before intervention	12.35 ± 1.87	12.28 ± 1.93	0.230	0.818
	After 4 weeks of intervention	14.52 ± 1.65	16.87 ± 1.52	-9.256	< 0.001
	After 8 weeks of intervention	16.23 ± 1.48	18.56 ± 1.37	-10.206	< 0.001
SAS score	Before intervention	65.32 ± 7.85	64.87 ± 8.02	0.354	0.724
	After 4 weeks of intervention	52.15 ± 6.93	40.23 ± 6.15	11.364	< 0.001
	After 8 weeks of intervention	45.68 ± 6.32	35.12 ± 5.87	10.816	< 0.001

VAS: Visual Analogue Scale; SAS: Self-Rating Anxiety Scale.

Table 5 Comparison of adverse reactions and complications between the two groups, n (%)

Indicators	Control group (n = 78)	Study group (n = 78)	χ2 value	P value
Adverse reactions			0.000	1.000
VSD dressing allergy	3 (3.85)	2 (2.56)
Adverse drug reactions (nausea, dizziness)	3 (3.85)	2 (2.56)
Overall incidence	6 (7.69)	5 (6.41)
Complications			5.100	0.024
Bleeding from wounds	2 (2.56)	1 (1.28)
The wound infection was aggravated	5 (6.41)	1 (1.28)
Recurrence of pressure ulcers	4 (5.13)	2 (2.26)
Pulmonary infection	6 (7.69)	2 (2.56)
Overall incidence	17 (21.79)	6 (7.69)

VSD: Vacuum sealing drainage.