Clinical mechanisms of continuous stellate ganglion block in improving postoperative anxiety and depression after thoracoscopic lung cancer surgery

doi:10.5498/wjp.116727

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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2220-3206

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Psychiatry. Jul 19, 2026; 16(7): 116727
Published online Jul 19, 2026. doi: 10.5498/wjp.116727

Table 1 Baseline characteristics comparison, n (%)/mean ± SD

Variable	CSGB group (n = 65)	Control group (n = 70)	Statistics	P value
Age (year)	58.3 ± 8.7	59.1 ± 9.2	t = 0.521	0.603
Gender (male)	37 (56.9)	41 (58.6)	χ² = 0.041	0.840
BMI (kg/m²)	23.8 ± 3.2	24.1 ± 3.5	t = 0.521	0.603
Smoking history (yes)	29 (44.6)	33 (47.1)	χ² = 0.092	0.762
Comorbidities (yes)	25 (38.5)	28 (40.0)	χ² = 0.035	0.851
Tumor stage (I-II)	53 (81.5)	55 (78.6)	χ² = 0.180	0.671
Surgical method (lobectomy)	50 (76.9)	54 (77.1)	χ² = 0.002	0.964
Operative time (minute)	142.5 ± 28.3	145.2 ± 30.1	t = 0.541	0.590
Intraoperative blood loss (mL)	92.4 ± 21.7	95.3 ± 23.5	t = 0.741	0.460

CSGB: Continuous stellate ganglion block; BMI: Body mass index.

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Table 2 Emotional score changes, mean ± SD

Scale	Time point	CSGB group (n = 65)	Control group (n = 70)	Statistics	P value
SAS	Preoperative	38.4 ± 5.2	38.9 ± 5.5	t = 0.541	0.590
	Postoperative day 1	46.1 ± 6.0	47.3 ± 6.4	t = 1.130	0.261
	Postoperative day 3	42.8 ± 6.3	49.2 ± 7.1	t = 5.620	< 0.01
	Postoperative day 7	38.2 ± 5.4	45.3 ± 6.5	t = 6.930	< 0.01
SDS	Preoperative	37.8 ± 4.9	38.2 ± 5.1	t = 0.471	0.639
	Postoperative day 1	45.3 ± 5.7	46.5 ± 6.0	t = 1.210	0.229
	Postoperative day 3	41.5 ± 5.9	48.7 ± 6.8	t = 6.480	< 0.01
	Postoperative day 7	37.1 ± 5.2	44.8 ± 6.1	t = 7.840	< 0.01

CSGB: Continuous stellate ganglion block; SAS: Self-Rating Anxiety Scale; SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale.

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Table 3 Comparison of Visual Analog Scale scores at different postoperative time points, mean ± SD

State	Time point	CSGB group (n = 65)	Control group (n = 70)	Statistics	P value
Resting VAS	Postoperative day 1	3.2 ± 0.8	4.1 ± 0.9	t = 6.12	< 0.05
	Postoperative day 3	2.1 ± 0.6	3.2 ± 0.8	t = 8.93	< 0.05
	Postoperative day 7	1.3 ± 0.4	2.3 ± 0.6	t = 11.34	< 0.05
Movement VAS	Postoperative day 1	4.3 ± 1.0	5.4 ± 1.2	t = 5.71	< 0.05
	Postoperative day 3	3.0 ± 0.7	4.2 ± 0.9	t = 8.54	< 0.05
	Postoperative day 7	2.1 ± 0.5	3.4 ± 0.8	t = 11.07	< 0.05

CSGB: Continuous stellate ganglion block; VAS: Visual Analog Scale.

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Table 4 Sleep quality improvement, mean ± SD

Indicator	Time point	CSGB group (n = 65)	Control group (n = 70)	Statistics	P value
PSQI total score	Preoperative	5.1 ± 1.2	5.0 ± 1.3	t = 0.46	0.646
PSQI total score	Postoperative day 7	6.8 ± 1.5	9.2 ± 1.8	t = 8.52	< 0.05
Subjective sleep quality	Postoperative day 7	1.1 ± 0.3	1.6 ± 0.4	t = 8.06	< 0.05
Sleep latency	Postoperative day 7	1.0 ± 0.2	1.5 ± 0.4	t = 8.96	< 0.05
Sleep efficiency	Postoperative day 7	0.9 ± 0.2	1.4 ± 0.3	t = 10.81	< 0.05
Sleep disturbances	Postoperative day 7	1.2 ± 0.3	1.7 ± 0.4	t = 7.96	< 0.05
Daytime dysfunction	Postoperative day 7	1.1 ± 0.3	1.6 ± 0.4	t = 8.06	< 0.05
PSQI ≥ 7, n (%)	Postoperative day 7	21 (32.3)	43 (61.4)	χ² = 11.22	< 0.01

CSGB: Continuous stellate ganglion block; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

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Table 5 Accelerated recovery progress, mean ± SD

Indicator	CSGB group (n = 65)	Control group (n = 70)	Statistics	P value
Time to first ambulation (hour)	18.5 ± 4.2	26.3 ± 5.1	t = 9.51	< 0.05
Chest tube removal time (day)	3.2 ± 0.8	4.1 ± 0.9	t = 6.07	< 0.05
Postoperative hospital stay (day)	6.8 ± 1.3	8.5 ± 1.6	t = 6.71	< 0.05
Postoperative day 3 walking distance (m)	82.5 ± 15.3	63.2 ± 12.7	t = 7.92	< 0.05
Time to first flatus (hour)	28.4 ± 5.6	34.7 ± 6.2	t = 6.27	< 0.05
Time to first defecation (hour)	48.3 ± 8.1	56.9 ± 9.4	t = 5.67	< 0.05
Postoperative day 3 ADL score (Barthel Index)	85.2 ± 8.7	76.8 ± 10.3	t = 5.21	< 0.05
Postoperative day 3 serum albumin (g/L)	38.6 ± 3.4	35.9 ± 3.8	t = 4.41	< 0.05

CSGB: Continuous stellate ganglion block; ADL: Activities of daily living.

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Table 6 Reduced complications, n (%)

Complication	CSGB group (n = 65)	Control group (n = 70)	χ² value	P value
Nausea and vomiting	9 (13.8)	20 (28.6)	4.57	< 0.05
Arrhythmias	3 (4.6)	9 (12.9)	3.89	< 0.05
Pulmonary infection	4 (6.2)	11 (15.7)	4.23	< 0.05
Subcutaneous emphysema	5 (7.7)	7 (10.0)	0.29	0.592
Atelectasis	2 (3.1)	4 (5.7)	0.64	0.424
Pleural effusion	3 (4.6)	8 (11.4)	3.32	< 0.05
Incisional infection	1 (1.5)	6 (8.6)	3.91	< 0.05
Deep vein thrombosis	0 (0.0)	4 (5.7)	4.21	< 0.05
Urinary retention	2 (3.1)	7 (10.0)	3.12	< 0.05
Total complications	16 (24.6)	30 (42.9)	5.60	< 0.05

CSGB: Continuous stellate ganglion block.

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Citation: Liu X, Jing W, Sun XJ, Zhang L, Wang YM. Clinical mechanisms of continuous stellate ganglion block in improving postoperative anxiety and depression after thoracoscopic lung cancer surgery. World J Psychiatry 2026; 16(7): 116727
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v16/i7/116727.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.116727

Liu X, Jing W, Sun XJ, Zhang L, Wang YM. Clinical mechanisms of continuous stellate ganglion block in improving postoperative anxiety and depression after thoracoscopic lung cancer surgery. World J Psychiatry 2026; 16(7): 116727 [DOI: 10.5498/wjp.116727]

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