Correlation between social alienation and psychological resilience in patients with multidrug-resistant organism infections under protective isolation

Table 1 Comparison of social alienation scores among patients with different characteristics, mean ± SD

Variable	Category	n	Social alienation score	t/F value	P value
Sex	Male	167	29.56 ± 6.38	1.024	0.307
	Female	122	30.29 ± 6.71
Age (years)	18-44	52	27.35 ± 5.89	5.672	0.001
	45-59	78	29.18 ± 6.24
	60-74	104	30.76 ± 6.58
	≥ 75	55	31.84 ± 6.73
Marital status	Unmarried	31	31.42 ± 6.87	4.358	0.014
	Married	198	29.23 ± 6.31
	Divorced/widowed	60	31.48 ± 6.82
Educational level	Primary school or below	67	32.16 ± 6.74	7.893	< 0.001
	Junior high school	82	30.45 ± 6.28
	High school/technical secondary school	74	29.12 ± 6.19
	College or above	66	27.24 ± 5.96
Employment status	Employed	89	29.13 ± 6.27	1.842	0.161
	Retired	132	30.38 ± 6.64
	Unemployed/other	68	29.82 ± 6.53
MDROs type	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus	98	29.54 ± 6.42	0.756	0.555
	Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae	72	30.18 ± 6.67
	Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii	56	30.32 ± 6.58
	Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa	41	29.46 ± 6.34
	Vancomycin-resistant enterococci	22	30.64 ± 6.89
Infection site	Respiratory tract	112	30.12 ± 6.54	0.423	0.792
	Urinary tract	68	29.68 ± 6.37
	Bloodstream	43	30.26 ± 6.78
	Skin and soft tissue	38	29.34 ± 6.42
	Other	28	29.82 ± 6.56
Isolation duration (days)	3-7	82	27.64 ± 5.86	12.348	< 0.001
	8-14	118	29.72 ± 6.24
	≥ 15	89	32.36 ± 6.78
Length of hospital stay (days)	7-14	76	27.82 ± 5.92	8.965	< 0.001
	15-28	131	29.64 ± 6.28
	≥ 29	82	32.18 ± 6.86
Number of underlying diseases	0-1	54	27.52 ± 5.94	6.873	0.001
	2-3	137	29.68 ± 6.32
	≥ 4	98	31.54 ± 6.82
First MDROs infection	Yes	196	29.24 ± 6.28	-2.316	0.021
	No	93	31.19 ± 6.84
Frequency of family visits	No visits	34	34.56 ± 6.92	14.726	< 0.001
	Occasional visits	87	31.42 ± 6.47
	Frequent visits	102	28.76 ± 5.98
	Daily visits	66	26.58 ± 5.64

MDROs: Multidrug-resistant organisms.

Table 2 General characteristics of study subjects (n = 289)

Variable	Category	n	Percentage
Sex	Male	167	57.79
	Female	122	42.21
Age (years)	18-44	52	17.99
	45-59	78	26.99
	60-74	104	35.99
	≥ 75	55	19.03
Marital status	Unmarried	31	10.73
	Married	198	68.51
	Divorced/widowed	60	20.76
Educational level	Primary school or below	67	23.18
	Junior high school	82	28.37
	High school/technical secondary school	74	25.61
	College or above	66	22.84
Employment status	Employed	89	30.8
	Retired	132	45.67
	Unemployed/other	68	23.53
MDROs type	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus	98	33.91
	Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae	72	24.91
	Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii	56	19.38
	Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa	41	14.19
	Vancomycin-resistant enterococci	22	7.61
Infection site	Respiratory tract	112	38.75
	Urinary tract	68	23.53
	Bloodstream	43	14.88
	Skin and soft tissue	38	13.15
	Other	28	9.69
Isolation duration (days)	3-7	82	28.37
	8-14	118	40.83
	≥ 15	89	30.8
Length of hospital stay (days)	7-14	76	26.3
	15-28	131	45.33
	≥ 29	82	28.37
Number of underlying diseases	0-1	54	18.69
	2-3	137	47.4
	≥ 4	98	33.91
First MDROs infection	Yes	196	67.82
	No	93	32.18
Frequency of family visits	No visits	34	11.76
	Occasional visits (1-2 times/week)	87	30.1
	Frequent visits (3-4 times/week)	102	35.29
	Daily visits (≥ 5 times/week)	66	22.84

MDROs: Multidrug-resistant organisms.

Table 3 Social alienation and psychological resilience scores (n = 289), mean ± SD

Scale/dimension	Number of items	Score range	Actual score	Item mean score
Total social alienation score	12	12-48	29.87 ± 6.52	2.49 ± 0.54
Total psychological resilience score	25	0-100	56.34 ± 15.28	2.25 ± 0.61
Tenacity	13	0-52	28.96 ± 8.43	2.23 ± 0.65
Strength	8	0-32	18.52 ± 5.17	2.32 ± 0.65
Optimism	4	0-16	8.86 ± 2.94	2.22 ± 0.74

Table 4 Correlation analysis between social alienation and psychological resilience (r values)

Variable	Total social alienation score	Total psychological resilience score	Tenacity	Strength	Optimism
Total social alienation score	1	-	-	-	-
Total psychological resilience score	-0.463c	1	-	-	-
Tenacity	-0.448c	0.956c	1	-	-
Strength	-0.421c	0.924c	0.847c	1	-
Optimism	-0.386c	0.876c	0.798c	0.782c	1

^cP < 0.001.

Table 5 Assignment method for independent variables

Independent variable	Assignment method
Age	18-44 years = 1, 45-59 years = 2, 60-74 years = 3, ≥ 75 years = 4
Marital status	Married = 1, unmarried = 2, divorced/widowed = 3
Educational level	College or above = 1, high school/technical secondary school = 2, junior high school = 3, primary school or below = 4
Isolation duration	3-7 days = 1, 8-14 days = 2, ≥ 15 days = 3
Length of hospital stay	7-14 days = 1, 15-28 days = 2, ≥ 29 days = 3
Number of underlying diseases	0-1 = 1, 2-3 = 2, ≥ 4 = 3
First multidrug-resistant organisms infection	Yes = 0, no = 1
Frequency of family visits	Daily visits = 1, frequent visits = 2, occasional visits = 3, no visits = 4
Tenacity	Original value entered
Strength	Original value entered
Optimism	Original value entered

Table 6 Multiple linear regression analysis of factors influencing social alienation

Variable	B	SE	β	t value	P value	95%CI
Constant	36.842	2.054	-	17.936	< 0.001	32.798-40.886
Frequency of family visits	1.924	0.302	0.274	6.371	< 0.001	1.330-2.518
Isolation duration	1.586	0.308	0.211	5.149	< 0.001	0.980-2.192
Tenacity	-0.192	0.038	-0.248	-5.053	< 0.001	-0.267 to -0.117
Educational level	0.968	0.218	0.186	4.44	< 0.001	0.539-1.397
Optimism	-0.312	0.084	-0.141	-3.714	< 0.001	-0.477 to -0.147

R² = 0.498, adjusted R² = 0.489, F = 56.124, P < 0.001.