Monitoring white matter volume alterations via cranial magnetic resonance imaging in major depressive disorder: Association with cognitive dysfunction

Table 1 Comparative analysis of general data, mean ± SD

	Observation group (n = 86)	Control group (n = 50)	χ2/t value	P value
Sex			0.022	0.882
Male	35	21
Female	51	29
Age (years)	30.77 ± 5.14	31.06 ± 4.96	0.324	0.746
Years of education	11.19 ± 2.32	10.88 ± 2.09	0.769	0.443

Table 2 Comparative Hamilton Depression Rating Scale assessment, mean ± SD

	Observation group (n = 86)	Control group (n = 50)	t value	P value
Depression	3.77 ± 0.50	1.66 ± 0.66	21.04	< 0.0001
Anxiety	3.81 ± 0.39	1.82 ± 0.72	20.92	< 0.0001
Sleep disorders	3.44 ± 0.57	1.56 ± 0.58	18.43	< 0.0001
Loss of appetite	3.64 ± 0.51	1.74 ± 0.49	21.25	< 0.0001
Guilt	3.55 ± 0.55	1.20 ± 0.95	18.29	< 0.0001
Suicidal thoughts	3.47 ± 0.52	0.81 ± 0.58	27.56	< 0.0001
Physical symptoms	3.69 ± 0.27	1.08 ± 0.44	42.90	< 0.0001
Global	25.36 ± 0.65	9.90 ± 1.54	81.59	< 0.0001

Table 3 Intergroup differences on neuropsychological assessments, mean ± SD

	Observation group (n = 86)	Control group (n = 50)	t value	P value
MoCA	19.22 ± 1.88	28.30 ± 0.68	32.88	< 0.0001
TMT-A (second)	69.51 ± 17.23	53.36 ± 14.64	5.561	< 0.0001
TMT-B (second)	106.97 ± 33.27	87.90 ± 6.28	10.31	< 0.0001
DSST	57.56 ± 10.07	44.16 ± 8.19	7.993	< 0.0001

MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; TMT-A: Trail Making Test Part A; TMT-B: Trail Making Test Part B; DSST: Digit Symbol Substitution Test.

Table 4 Comparative analysis of fractional anisotropy across brain regions, mean ± SD

Groups	Left superior frontal gyrus	Right superior frontal gyrus	Left middle frontal gyrus	Right middle frontal gyrus	Left inferior frontal gyrus	Right inferior frontal gyrus
Observation group (n = 86)	0.48 ± 0.10	0.46 ± 0.08	0.40 ± 0.05	0.38 ± 0.10	0.42 ± 0.08	0.44 ± 0.06
Control group (n = 50)	0.50 ± 0.05	0.48 ± 0.05	0.42 ± 0.06	0.40 ± 0.09	0.41 ± 0.06	0.46 ± 0.05
t value	1.320	0.364	2.088	1.166	0.767	1.989
P value	0.189	0.716	0.039	0.246	0.444	0.049
Groups	Left temporal lobe	Right temporal lobe	Left occipital lobe	Right occipital lobe	Genu of the corpus callosum	Splenium of the corpus callosum
Observation group (n = 86)	0.40 ± 0.06	0.38 ± 0.06	0.48 ± 0.07	0.48 ± 0.07	0.80 ± 0.09	0.80 ± 0.05
Control group (n = 50)	0.46 ± 0.04	0.50 ± 0.09	0.46 ± 0.05	0.50 ± 0.10	0.79 ± 0.09	0.79 ± 0.04
t value	6.299	9.316	1.773	1.367	0.625	1.207
P value	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.078	0.174	0.533	0.230

Table 5 Inter-group comparison of mean kurtosis values across brain regions, mean ± SD

Groups	Left superior frontal gyrus	Right superior frontal gyrus	Left middle frontal gyrus	Right middle frontal gyrus	Left inferior frontal gyrus	Right inferior frontal gyrus
Observation group (n = 86)	0.83 ± 0.14	0.83 ± 0.10	0.92 ± 0.10	0.92 ± 0.11	0.98 ± 0.14	0.93 ± 0.09
Control group (n = 50)	0.95 ± 0.09	0.95 ± 0.09	0.91 ± 0.07	0.89 ± 0.08	0.99 ± 0.07	0.94 ± 0.07
t value	5.438	6.995	0.623	1.686	0.472	0.676
P value	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.534	0.094	0.638	0.501
Groups	Left temporal lobe	Right temporal lobe	Left occipital lobe	Right occipital lobe	Genu of the corpus callosum	Splenium of the corpus callosum
Observation group (n = 86)	0.92 ± 0.04	0.91 ± 0.08	1.01 ± 0.08	1.03 ± 0.06	1.00 ± 0.78	1.32 ± 0.15
Control group (n = 50)	1.03 ± 0.05	0.97 ± 0.06	1.03 ± 0.05	1.05 ± 0.06	1.13 ± 0.49	1.27 ± 0.21
t value	14.08	4.601	1.595	1.874	1.062	1.613
P value	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.113	0.063	0.290	0.109

Table 6 Intergroup differences in mean diffusivity across brain regions, mean ± SD

Groups	Left superior frontal gyrus	Right superior frontal gyrus	Left middle frontal gyrus	Right middle frontal gyrus	Left inferior frontal gyrus	Right inferior frontal gyrus
Observation group (n = 86)	0.88 ± 0.05	0.87 ± 0.11	0.92 ± 0.06	0.92 ± 0.05	0.90 ± 0.07	0.92 ± 0.07
Control group (n = 50)	0.86 ± 0.10	0.84 ± 0.14	0.91 ± 0.06	0.90 ± 0.08	0.91 ± 0.06	0.90 ± 0.05
t value	1.553	1.385	0.937	1.795	0.845	1.773
P value	0.123	0.168	0.350	0.075	0.399	0.078
Groups	Left temporal lobe	Right temporal lobe	Left occipital lobe	Right occipital lobe	Genu of the corpus callosum	Splenium of the corpus callosum
Observation group (n = 86)	1.02 ± 0.09	0.95 ± 0.08	0.94 ± 0.08	0.94 ± 0.05	1.03 ± 0.12	0.94 ± 0.05
Control group (n = 50)	1.01 ± 0.10	0.94 ± 0.09	0.93 ± 0.08	0.92 ± 0.07	0.99 ± 0.19	0.93 ± 0.10
t value	0.600	0.671	0.703	1.935	1.505	0.777
P value	0.550	0.503	0.483	0.055	0.135	0.439

Table 7 Correlations of regional fractional anisotropy and mean kurtosis with cognitive metrics

	MoCA		TMT-A		TMT-B		DSST
	r value	P value	r value	P value	r value	P value	r value	P value
FA value
Left temporal lobe	-0.002	0.984	0.098	0.391	0.013	0.905	0.069	0.523
Right temporal lobe	0.095	0.384	-0.117	0.283	0.049	0.652	0.100	0.358
MK value
Left superior frontal gyrus	0.331	0.002	0.033	0.760	0.018	0.866	-0.265	0.014
Right superior frontal gyrus	0.422	< 0.0001	-0.117	0.284	-0.140	0.197	0.081	0.459
Left temporal lobe	-0.092	0.401	-0.089	0.413	-0.111	0.307	0.076	0.486
Right temporal lobe	0.048	0.657	0.096	0.378	0.073	0.504	-0.172	0.114

FA: Fractional anisotropy; MK: Mean kurtosis; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; TMT-A: Trail Making Test Part A; TMT-B: Trail Making Test Part B; DSST: Digit Symbol Substitution Test.