Long-term psychiatric and neurodevelopmental profiles of children with global developmental delay

Table 1 Baseline demographic characteristics (n = 100)

Characteristic	n (%)	mean ± SD
Age at baseline, months		36.2 ± 12.4
12-24 months	24 (24)
25-36 months	28 (28)
37-48 months	32 (32)
49-60 months	16 (16)
Sex
Male	62 (62)
Female	38 (38)
Socioeconomic status
Low income (< 30000)	32 (32)
Middle income (30000-75000)	43 (43)
High income (> 75000)	25 (25)
Geographic distribution
Urban	58 (58)
Suburban	32 (32)
Rural	10 (10)

SD: Standard deviation.

Table 2 Baseline developmental assessment scores by domain (n = 100), n (%)

Domain	DQ (mean ± SD)	Range	< 70 (delayed)	70-85 (borderline)	> 85 (average)
Global	65.4 ± 11.3	42-89	73 (73)	21 (21)	6 (6)
Cognitive	62.3 ± 10.8	40-85	81 (81)	16 (16)	3 (3)
Language	58.7 ± 13.2	35-88	86 (86)	11 (11)	3 (3)
Social-emotional	64.5 ± 12.1	38-90	76 (76)	18 (18)	6 (6)
Fine motor	68.2 ± 11.6	42-92	68 (68)	24 (24)	8 (8)
Gross motor	71.4 ± 10.3	45-95	62 (62)	28 (28)	10 (10)
Adaptive behavior	61.8 ± 12.7	36-87	79 (79)	17 (17)	4 (4)

DQ: Developmental quotient; SD: Standard deviation.

Table 3 Developmental outcomes at 24-month follow-up, mean ± SD (n = 100)

Domain	Baseline	24-month	Mean change (95%CI)	P value	Effect size (d)
Global DQ	65.4 ± 11.3	70.2 ± 13.1	4.8 (3.2-6.4)	< 0.001	0.39
Cognitive	62.3 ± 10.8	66.8 ± 12.4	4.5 (2.9-6.1)	< 0.001	0.39
Language	58.7 ± 13.2	61.9 ± 14.6	3.2 (1.8-4.6)	< 0.001	0.23
Social-emotional	64.5 ± 12.1	69.3 ± 13.8	4.8 (3.1-6.5)	< 0.001	0.37
Fine motor	68.2 ± 11.6	74.3 ± 12.9	6.1 (4.3-7.9)	< 0.001	0.50
Gross motor	71.4 ± 10.3	78.7 ± 11.2	7.3 (5.4-9.2)	< 0.001	0.68
Adaptive behavior	61.8 ± 12.7	67.2 ± 14.1	5.4 (3.7-7.1)	< 0.001	0.40

DQ: Developmental quotient; SD: Standard deviation; CI: Confidence interval; d: Cohen’s d.

Table 4 Developmental outcomes by psychiatric comorbidity status

Comorbidity group	n	Baseline DQ (mean ± SD)	24-month DQ (mean ± SD)	mean ± SD	F-statistic	P value
No comorbidity	32	71.2 ± 9.8	79.4 ± 10.3	8.2 ± 4.3	18.67	< 0.001
Single comorbidity	30	65.8 ± 10.4	70.4 ± 11.2	4.6 ± 3.8
Multiple comorbidities	38	60.3 ± 11.2	62.4 ± 13.1	2.1 ± 3.2

DQ: Developmental quotient; SD: Standard deviation.

Table 5 Developmental outcomes by early intervention intensity (n = 100)

Intervention intensity	n	Baseline DQ (mean ± SD)	24-month DQ (mean ± SD)	mean ± SD	P value
Intensive (> 10 hours/week)	34	64.8 ± 11.2	72.0 ± 12.8	7.2 ± 4.1	< 0.001
Standard (5-10 hours/week)	42	65.6 ± 10.9	69.9 ± 13.2	4.3 ± 3.6
Minimal (< 5 hours/week)	24	66.2 ± 12.1	69.0 ± 13.6	2.8 ± 3.1

DQ: Developmental quotient; SD: Standard deviation.

Table 6 Predictors of persistent developmental delay at 24-month follow-up

Predictor variable	Odds ratio	95%CI	P value
Baseline DQ < 55	4.82	2.13-10.91	< 0.001
Autism spectrum disorder	3.67	1.68-8.02	0.001
Multiple psychiatric comorbidities	3.21	1.44-7.15	0.004
Limited early intervention (< 5 hours/week)	2.89	1.31-6.38	0.008
Male sex	1.92	0.89-4.14	0.095
Low SES	1.78	0.82-3.86	0.144
Maternal education (per year)	0.68	0.52-0.89	0.005
Early intervention before 24 months	0.45	0.23-0.88	0.020
Absence of language disorder	0.51	0.27-0.96	0.037

CI: Confidence interval; DQ: Developmental quotient; SES: Socioeconomic status.