Maternal thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid peroxidase antibody levels: Associations with postpartum depression and impacts on adverse pregnancy outcomes

Table 1 Comparative baseline characteristics of study participants, n (%)/mean ± SD

Indicators	PPD group (n = 83)	Control group (n = 80)	χ2/t	P value
Age (years)	28.37 ± 4.41	29.16 ± 4.19	1.172	0.243
Gravidity (times)	2.10 ± 0.91	2.20 ± 0.89	0.709	0.479
Gestational age at delivery (weeks)	38.72 ± 1.54	38.34 ± 1.55	1.570	0.118
Neonatal birth weight (g)	3110.55 ± 279.95	3161.71 ± 208.20	1.320	0.189
Newborn feeding practices			2.555	0.279
Breast milk	42 (50.60)	43 (53.75)
Milk powder	15 (18.07)	20 (25.00)
Mixed	26 (31.33)	17 (21.25)

PPD: Postpartum depression.

Table 2 Associations of thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid peroxidase antibody concentrations with Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and Self-Rating Depression Scale scales among postpartum depression groups

Indicators	EPDS (points)		SDS (points)
	r	P value	r	P value
TSH	0.500	< 0.001	0.303	0.005
TPOAb	0.347	0.001	0.331	0.002

TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone; TPOAb: Thyroid peroxidase antibody; EPDS: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale.

Table 3 Adverse pregnancy outcomes in postpartum depression group vs controls, n (%)

Indicators	PPD group (n = 83)	Control group (n = 80)	χ2	P value
PROM	6 (7.23)	1 (1.25)
Preterm birth	5 (6.02)	2 (2.50)
Postpartum hemorrhage	4 (4.82)	1 (1.25)
LGA infants	3 (3.61)	0 (0.00)
HDP	3 (3.61)	1 (1.25)
GDM	2 (2.41)	1 (1.25)
Total	23 (27.71)	6 (7.50)	11.380	< 0.001

PPD: Postpartum depression; PROM: Premature rupture of membranes; LGA: Large for gestational age; HDP: Hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy; GDM: Gestational diabetes.

Table 4 Univariable examination of adverse pregnancy outcomes among pregnant women

Indicators	Adverse outcome group (n = 29)	Favorable outcome group (n = 134)	χ2	P value
Age (years)			0.409	0.522
< 30 (n = 93)	15 (51.72)	78 (58.21)
≥ 30 (n = 70)	14 (48.28)	56 (41.79)
Gravidity (times)			9.766	0.002
< 3 (n = 108)	12 (41.38)	96 (71.64)
≥ 3 (n = 55)	17 (58.62)	38 (28.36)
Gestational age at delivery (weeks)			1.754	0.185
< 39 (n = 80)	11 (37.93)	69 (51.49)
≥ 39 (n = 83)	18 (62.07)	65 (48.51)
Neonatal birth weight (g)			0.891	0.345
< 3150 (n = 86)	13 (44.83)	73 (54.48)
≥ 3150 (n = 77)	16 (55.17)	61 (45.52)
Newborn feeding practices			0.585	0.746
Breast milk (n = 85)	15 (51.72)	70 (52.24)
Milk powder (n = 35)	5 (17.24)	30 (22.39)
Mixed (n = 43)	9 (31.03)	34 (25.37)
PPD			11.380	< 0.001
No (n = 80)	6 (20.69)	74 (55.22)
Yes (n = 83)	23 (79.31)	60 (44.78)
TSH (mIU/L)			13.210	< 0.001
< 3 (n = 89)	7 (24.14)	82 (61.19)
≥ 3 (n = 74)	22 (75.86)	52 (38.81)
TPOAb (U/mL)			7.284	0.007
< 7 (n = 82)	8 (27.59)	74 (55.22)
≥ 7 (n = 81)	21 (72.41)	60 (44.78)

PPD: Postpartum depression; TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone; TPOAb: Thyroid peroxidase antibody.

Table 5 Multifactorial evaluation of determinants for adverse pregnancy outcomes

Indicators	B	SE	Wald	P value	OR	95%CI
Gravidity (times)	1.330	0.494	7.253	0.007	3.782	1.436-9.960
PPD	1.072	0.538	3.964	0.046	2.921	1.017-8.393
TSH (mIU/L)	1.204	0.513	5.511	0.019	3.333	1.220-9.109
TPOAb (U/mL)	1.376	0.516	7.097	0.008	3.958	1.438-10.889

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; PPD: Postpartum depression; TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone; TPOAb: Thyroid peroxidase antibody.