Perceived social support, subjective well-being, coping styles, personality traits, and social media addiction among patients with depression

doi:10.5498/wjp.v16.i3.112604

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Mar 19, 2026 (publication date) through Feb 28, 2026

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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2220-3206

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©Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2026. No commercial re-use. See Permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Psychiatry. Mar 19, 2026; 16(3): 112604
Published online Mar 19, 2026. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v16.i3.112604

Table 1 Socio-demographic profile of the study participants in both the groups, n (%)

Variables		Group A (n = 70)	Group B (n = 70)	χ² value	P value
Gender	Male	45 (64.29)	47 (67.14)	0.032	0.861
Gender	Female	25 (35.71)	23 (32.86)	0.032	0.861
Age	18-30	33 (47.14)	26 (37.14)	2.55	0.279
	> 30-45	21 (30.0)	30 (20.0)
	> 45-60	16 (22.6)	14 (20.0)
Domicile	Rural	42 (60.0)	39 (55.71)	0.116	0.732
Domicile	Urban	28 (40.0)	31 (44.29)	0.116	0.732
Education	Illiterate	6 (8.57)	11 (15.71)	7.44	0.114
	Primary	26 (37.14)	24 (34.28)
	High School	18 (25.71)	8 (11.42)
	Intermediate	16 (22.85)	18 (25.71)
	Graduate and above	4 (5.71)	9 (12.85)
Occupation	Unskilled/semiskilled	33 (47.14)	35 (50.00)	1.86	0.692
	Unemployed	16 (22.86)	10 (14.29)
	Housewife	14 (20.00)	16 (22.86)
	Skilled	7 (10.00)	9 (12.86)
Family Income	< 10000	11 (15.7)	7 (10.0)	1.02	0.601
	10000-20000	29 (41.42)	31 (44.28)
	> 20000	30 (42.87)	32 (45.71)
Family type	Joint	42 (59.42)	36 (51.43)	0.606	0.437
Family type	Nuclear	28 (40.58)	32 (48.57)	0.606	0.437
Marital status	Married	41 (58.57)	44 (62.85)	0.269	0.604
Marital status	Unmarried	29 (41.43)	26 (37.15)	0.269	0.604
Religion	Hindu	50 (71.42)	48 (68.57)	0.136	0.712
Religion	Muslim	20 (28.58)	22 (31.43)	0.136	0.712

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Table 2 Comparison of clinical variables and World Health Organization wellbeing scores, multidimensional perceived social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support) score and screen time per day in hours among both the groups, n (%)

Clinical variables		Group A (n = 70)	Group B (n = 70)	χ² value	P value
Number of episodes	Single	53 (75.71)	59 (84.29)	1.12	0.291
Number of episodes	Multiple	17 (24.29)	11 (15.71)	1.12	0.291
Family history of any psychiatric illness	Present	12 (17.14)	8 (11.43)	1.02	0.312
Family history of any psychiatric illness	Absent	58 (82.85)	62 (88.57)	1.02	0.312
Duration of current episode	< 6 months	42 (47.14)	39 (37.14)	3.11	0.212
	6-12 months	17 (30.00)	25 (20.0)
	> 12 months	11 (22.62)	6 (20.0)
Clinical variables				U value
Mean duration of current episodes		3.54 ± 3.01	3.26 ± 2.18	2686.0	0.318
HAM-D score		19.24 ± 1.89	5.13 ± 1.54	22.99	< 0.001
WHO-5 Well-Being Index Score		7.93 ± 1.75	13.90 ± 1.61	22.99	< 0.001
MPSS Scores				χ²/U value^b
Low (12-35)		45 (64.29)	6 (08.57)	47.57	< 0.001^a
Medium (36-60)		20 (28.57)	59 (80.00)
High (61-84)		5 (7.14)	8 (11.43)
mean ± SD		33.00 ± 15.37	48.70 ± 11.01	3814.14	< 0.001^a
Screen time usage				U value
Hours/day		3.49 ± 1.20	2.57 ± 1.36	3312.52	< 0.001
Daily use (weekly average) (hours/day)				χ² value
< 2		6 (8.57)	25 (35.71)	17.24	< 0.001
2-4		41 (58.57)	35 (50.00)
> 4		23 (32.86)	10 (14.29)

^aP value < 0.01.

^bP value < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test and χ² test significant at ^bP value < 0.05.

HAM-D: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; WHO: World Health Organization; MPSS: Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support .

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Table 3 Comparison of personality inventory for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders brief form scores between both groups, mean ± SD

Personality trait domain	Group A (n = 70)	Group B (n = 70)	U value	P value
Negative affect	8.23 ± 2.97	7.49 ± 2.29	2677	0.345
Detachment	7.5 ± 2.7	5.63 ± 3.08	3503	< 0.001^a
Antagonism	1.58 ± 1.08	1.84 ± 1.79	2104	0.149
Disinhibition	6.46 ± 3.23	5.99 ± 4.73	2838	0.106
Psychoticism	5.34 ± 3.34	3.19 ± 3.3	3601	< 0.001^a

^aP value < 0.01, Mann-Whitney U test is significant at ^aP value < 0.01.

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Table 4 Domain wise comparison of Brief COPE score, score of social networking addiction scale between both groups and comparison of social networking addiction scale score between both groups

Brief COPE	Group A (n = 70)	Group B (n = 70)	U value	P value
Problem focused	14.77 ± 3.93	40.33 ± 9.52	3790	< 0.001^b
Emotion focused	21.53 ± 3.94	27.47 ±6.34	3799.5	< 0.001^b
Avoidant coping	12.41 ± 2.1	13.34 ± 3.3	2618.5	0.478
SNAS domains
Salience	14.67 ± 4.2	15.37 ± 5.13	2812	0.13
Mood modification	12.39 ± 2.71	12.64 ± 3.43	2706.51	0.28
Tolerance	11.76 ± 3.08	10.39 ± 4.49	1788.52	0.005^a
Withdrawal	13.46 ± 10.77	10.77 ± 5.57	1619.01	0.001^a
Conflict	6.47 ± 4.07	7.63 ± 4.84	2774.02	0.169
Relapse	13.61 ± 4.28	10.23 ± 6.91	1494.11	< 0.001^b
Total score	72.37 ± 19.83	67.03 ± 28.09	1883.5	0.018^a
SNAS score			χ² value
SMA present (> 84)	13 (18.57)	19 (27.14)	1.01	0.314
SMA not present (≤ 84)	57 (81.43)	51 (72.86)	1.01	0.314

^aP value < 0.05.

^bP value < 0.01.

SNAS: Social Networking Addiction Scale; SMA: Social media addiction.

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Table 5 Correlation of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale with Perceived social support, coping, well-being, and personality domains among symptomatic patients group A (n = 70)

Variables		HAM-D
Variables		Correlation coefficient¹	P value
MPSS		-0.060	0.619
Brief COPE	Problem focused	-0.273	0.022^a
	Emotion focused	0.341	0.004^b
	Avoidant	0.022	0.859
WHO Well-being		-0.051	0.674
PID	Negativism	0.261	0.029^a
	Detachment	0.071	0.557
	Antagonism	0.097	0.426
	Disinhibition	0.293	0.014^a
	Psychoticism	-0.050	0.682

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

¹Spearman’s correlation analysis.

HAM-D: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; WHO: World Health Organization; MPSS: Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; PID: Personality Inventory for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

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Table 6 Correlations of Social Networking Addiction Scale Score with Perceived social support, coping, and personality domains among symptomatic patients group A (n = 70)

Variables		SNAS total score
Variables		Correlation coefficient¹	P value
Total MPSS score		-0.060	0.684
Brief COPE	Problem focused	-0.334	0.005^b
	Emotion Focused	-0.018	0.882
	Avoidant	0.277	0.020^a
PID-5	Negativism	0.054	0.659
	Detachment	0.209	0.082
	Antagonism	-0.082	0.500
	Disinhibition	0.515	< 0.001^b
	Psychoticism	-0.102	0.403

^aP value < 0.05.

^bP value < 0.01.

¹Spearman’s correlation analysis.

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Table 7 Correlations of screen time (per day) among group A with social media addiction severity, well-being, and personality domains, and problem-focused coping, among symptomatic patients group A (n = 70)

Variables	Screen time/day (hours)
Variables	Correlation coefficient¹	P value^a
SNAS score	0.751	0.010
WHO Well-Being score	-0.308	0.010
PID disinhibition	0.381	0.001
Problem-focused coping	-0.245	0.041
MPSS	-0.153	0.205

^aP value < 0.05.

¹Spearman’s correlation analysis.

SNAS: Social Networking Addiction Scale; WHO: World Health Organization; MPSS: Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; PID: Personality Inventory for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

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Citation: Pandey S, Gupta PK, Kar SK. Perceived social support, subjective well-being, coping styles, personality traits, and social media addiction among patients with depression. World J Psychiatry 2026; 16(3): 112604
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v16/i3/112604.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v16.i3.112604