Non-coding RNA in extracellular vesicles and the occurrence and progression of psychiatric disorders: A narrative review

Table 1 The association between non-coding RNA and schizophrenia

Ref.	Sample source	Samples	NcRNA	Method	Results
Miller et al[100], 2012	Prefrontal cortical tissue	SCZ: 35; HCs: 34; BD: 31	MiRNA	RT-qPCR	483 miRNAs up
Du et al[94], 2019	Exosome in blood	SCZ: 49; HCs: 46	MiRNA	MiRNA-seq NGS	18 miRNAs up
Zhao et al[59], 2023	Peripheral blood	SCZ: 8; HCs: 15	MiRNA	RT-qPCR	41 miRNAs down; 35 miRNAs up
Liu et al[107], 2019	PBMCs	SCZ: 32; HCs: 48	LncRNA	RT-qPCR	The expression levels of CSMD1 are correlated with SCZ
Fallah et al[65], 2019	Peripheral blood	SCZ: 60; HCs: 60	LncRNA	RT-qPCR	5 lncRNAs up
Teng et al[108], 2023	SCZ postmortem brains	SCZ: 559; HCs: 936	LncRNA	RNA-seq analysis; RT-qPCR	LncRNA-GOMAFU down
Zimmerman et al[79], 2020	Human postmortem brain total RNA	SCZ: 34; HCs: 34	CircRNA	RT-qPCR	CircHomer1a down
Mahmoudi et al[109], 2021	PBMCs	SCZ: 39; HCs: 20	CircRNA	RNA-seq analysis	8762 circRNAs up; 55 circRNAs down
Huang et al[110], 2023	Plasma	SCZ: 10; HCs: 8	CircRNA	RT-qPCR; RNA-seq analysis	1 circRNAs up; 234 circRNAs down

NcRNA: Non-coding RNA; PBMCs: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; SCZ: Schizophrenia; HCs: Healthy controls; BD: Bipolar disorder; MiRNA: MicroRNA; CircRNA: Circular RNA; LncRNA: Long non-coding RNA; RT-qPCR: Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction; NGS: Next-generation sequencing; CSMD1: CUB and Sushi multiple domains 1.

Table 2 The association between non-coding RNA and major depressive disorder

Ref.	Sample source	Samples	NcRNA	Method	Results
Wei et al[111], 2020	Blood exosomes	MDD: 33; HCs: 46	MiRNA	RT-qPCR	24 miRNAs up; 14 miRNAs down
Ran et al[112], 2022	Serum EVs	MDD: 9; HCs: 8	MiRNA	RNA-seq analysis; western blotting	miR-450a-2-3p up
Burrows et al[113], 2024	Peripheral blood	MDD: 41; HCs: 35	MiRNA	RT-qPCR	MDD is associated with lower NEEV miR-93 expression
Liu et al[114], 2014	Peripheral blood	MDD: 10; HCs:10	LncRNA	RNA-seq analysis; RT-qPCR	1556 lncRNA up; 441 lncRNA down
Cui et al[115], 2016	Peripheral blood	MDD: 120; HCs: 63	LncRNA	RT-qPCR	6 lncRNAs down
Yrondi et al[116], 2021	Peripheral blood	MDD: 201; HCs: 104	LncRNA	RNA-seq analysis; genome-wide DNA methylation analysis	BASP1-AS1 up
Cui et al[117], 2016	PBMCs	MDD: 30; HCs: 0	CircRNA	RT-qPCR	4 circRNAs up
Bu et al[118], 2021	Peripheral blood	MDD: 83; HCs: 83	CircRNA	RT-qPCR	hsa_circ_0126218 up
Yu et al[102], 2024	Plasma	MDD: 81; HCs: 48	CircRNA	RT-qPCR	circHIPK2 up

NcRNA: Non-coding RNA; EVs: Extracellular vesicles; PBMCs: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; HCs: Healthy controls; MDD: Major depressive disorder; MiRNA: MicroRNA; CircRNA: Circular RNA; LncRNA: Long non-coding RNA; RT-qPCR: Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction; circHIPK2: Circular RNA-homeodomain-interacting protein kinase-2.

Table 3 The association between non-coding RNA and bipolar disorder

Ref.	Sample source	Samples	NcRNA	Method	Results
Fiorentino et al[119], 2016	Peripheral blood	BD: 2078; HCs: 1355	MiRNA	RT-qPCR	A single recurrent variant in the vicinity of the miR-708 gene
Mola-Ali-Nejad et al[120], 2023	Peripheral blood	BD: 50; HCs: 50	LncRNA	RT-PCR	NKILA and COX2 down
Lin et al[121], 2021	Post-mortem human; brain samples	BD: 13; HCs: 13	CircRNA	RT-qPCR; RNA-seq analysis	26 circRNAs up
Hosseini and Mokhtari[122], 2024	Peripheral blood	BD: 50; HCs: 50	LncRNA	qRT-PCR	HOXA-AS2 and MEG3 up
Zamani et al[123], 2023	Peripheral blood	BD: 50; HCs: 50	LncRNA	RT-qPCR	FOXD3-AS1 and GAS5 up
Maffioletti et al[76], 2016	Peripheral blood	BD: 20; HCs: 20	MiRNA	Microarray	5 miRNAs up; 2 miRNAs down
Ceylan et al[67], 2020	Peripheral blood	BD: 69; HCs: 41	MiRNA	RT-qPCR	3 miRNAs down; miR-185-5p up
Zimmerman et al[79], 2020	Human postmortem brain; total RNA samples	BD: 32; HCs: 34	CircRNA	RT-qPCR	CircHomer1a down
Mahmoudi et al[109], 2021	PBMCs	BD: 39; HCs: 20	CircRNA	RNA-seq	55 circRNAs down

NcRNA: Non-coding RNA; PBMCs: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; HCs: Healthy controls; BD: Bipolar disorder; MiRNA: MicroRNA; CircRNA: Circular RNA; LncRNA: Long non-coding RNA; RT-qPCR: Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction; qRT-PCR: Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; RT-PCR: Real-time polymerase chain reaction.